{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202287392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13","title":"Machine Learning-Based Prediction and Optimization of Membrane Fouling in a Hybrid Biochar-Membrane System Treating Real Cafeteria Wastewater","display_name":"Machine Learning-Based Prediction and Optimization of Membrane Fouling in a Hybrid Biochar-Membrane System Treating Real Cafeteria Wastewater","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202287392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13","pdf_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.ajche.20261404.13","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175147","display_name":"American Journal of Chemical Engineering","issn_l":"2330-8613","issn":["2330-8613","2330-8605"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319272","host_organization_name":"Science Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Science Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Chemical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.ajche.20261404.13","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023172190","display_name":"Uzono Romokere Isotuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4784-4289","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4784-4289"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127206278","display_name":"Akwa Ibom State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3wdh84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127206278"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Uzono Isotuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Uyo, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4784-4289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127206278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057958211","display_name":"Ukpong Anwana Abel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-8192","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-8192"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127206278","display_name":"Akwa Ibom State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3wdh84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127206278"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ukpong Abel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Uyo, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-8192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127206278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072434025","display_name":"Akwayo Iniobong Job","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2040-4567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2040-4567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127206278","display_name":"Akwa Ibom State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3wdh84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127206278"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akwayo Job","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Uyo, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2040-4567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127206278"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093080054","display_name":"Anaba Catherine Uloma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1156-0328","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1156-0328"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3970730","display_name":"University of Calabar","ror":"https://ror.org/05qderh61","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3970730"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anaba Uloma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1156-0328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3970730"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023172190"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127206278"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"101","last_page":"118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.9463000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.9463000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10016","display_name":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","score":0.025100000202655792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-fouling-prediction","display_name":"membrane fouling prediction","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrolysis","display_name":"pyrolysis","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/langmuir-isotherm","display_name":"Langmuir isotherm","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-and-grease-removal","display_name":"oil and grease removal","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phosphate-removal","display_name":"phosphate removal","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbidity-removal","display_name":"turbidity removal","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"genetic algorithm","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"particle swarm optimization","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-optimization","display_name":"Bayesian optimization","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-parameter-optimization","display_name":"process parameter optimization","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/techno-economic-analysis","display_name":"techno-economic analysis","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wastewater-treatment","display_name":"wastewater treatment","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56085101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905495","display_name":"Biochar","level":3,"score":0.7646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115792997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1439803","display_name":"Fouling","level":3,"score":0.5902000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180461467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623659","display_name":"Membrane fouling","level":4,"score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150077022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3136137","display_name":"Response surface methodology","level":2,"score":0.4921000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64016661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898574","display_name":"Turbidity","level":2,"score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150394285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254","display_name":"Adsorption","level":2,"score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147455438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706","display_name":"Effluent","level":2,"score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12143843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6486358","display_name":"Langmuir adsorption model","level":3,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172658912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661613","display_name":"Batch processing","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92397422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062082","display_name":"Central composite design","level":3,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115958267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464196","display_name":"Langmuir","level":3,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188287460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555857","display_name":"Chemical oxygen demand","level":3,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187530423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140503","display_name":"Particle size","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13","pdf_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.ajche.20261404.13","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175147","display_name":"American Journal of Chemical Engineering","issn_l":"2330-8613","issn":["2330-8613","2330-8605"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319272","host_organization_name":"Science Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Science Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Chemical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261404.13","pdf_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.ajche.20261404.13","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175147","display_name":"American Journal of Chemical Engineering","issn_l":"2330-8613","issn":["2330-8613","2330-8605"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319272","host_organization_name":"Science Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Science Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Chemical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202287392.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202287392.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023718023","https://openalex.org/W2062693082","https://openalex.org/W2312548418","https://openalex.org/W2398427999","https://openalex.org/W2482450509","https://openalex.org/W2565242475","https://openalex.org/W2581027176","https://openalex.org/W2605471461","https://openalex.org/W2980304730","https://openalex.org/W3155519340","https://openalex.org/W3196447128","https://openalex.org/W3209615763","https://openalex.org/W4205175820","https://openalex.org/W4281711081","https://openalex.org/W4284990601","https://openalex.org/W4285098376","https://openalex.org/W4310483821","https://openalex.org/W4319315391","https://openalex.org/W4366091735","https://openalex.org/W4386575182","https://openalex.org/W4391294615","https://openalex.org/W4392097568","https://openalex.org/W4401246186","https://openalex.org/W4402996647","https://openalex.org/W4403484452","https://openalex.org/W4410489643","https://openalex.org/W4410755503","https://openalex.org/W4411849715","https://openalex.org/W4412397848","https://openalex.org/W4412636903","https://openalex.org/W4412699418","https://openalex.org/W4414002941","https://openalex.org/W4414438829","https://openalex.org/W4414472409","https://openalex.org/W4414663167","https://openalex.org/W4414998149","https://openalex.org/W4415711903","https://openalex.org/W4417347733","https://openalex.org/W7118002269","https://openalex.org/W7133127751","https://openalex.org/W7133322565","https://openalex.org/W7133897011","https://openalex.org/W7143375438","https://openalex.org/W7162402557","https://openalex.org/W7165627329","https://openalex.org/W7168029954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7212002661","https://openalex.org/W4392711017","https://openalex.org/W2883970300","https://openalex.org/W7133515969","https://openalex.org/W7134894258","https://openalex.org/W4319315391","https://openalex.org/W4387624481","https://openalex.org/W4411522570","https://openalex.org/W4415888384","https://openalex.org/W4416625105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"main":[1,106],"characteristics":[2],"of":[3,13,34,104,132,179,197,262],"cafeteria":[4,42],"effluents":[5],"are":[6],"the":[7,71,105,158,174,198,213,241,246,259],"high":[8],"organic":[9],"load,":[10],"varying":[11],"concentration":[12],"fat/oil/grease":[14],"content":[15],"and":[16,51,56,64,82,99,125,135,138,146,169,192,206],"nutrients,":[17],"thus":[18],"making":[19],"them":[20],"more":[21],"difficult":[22],"to":[23,39,69,75,156,211,228,251],"treat":[24,40],"than":[25],"traditional":[26],"domestic":[27],"sewage.":[28],"In":[29],"this":[30],"study,":[31],"a":[32],"combination":[33],"biochar-membrane":[35],"technology":[36],"was":[37,60,154,209],"designed":[38],"real":[41],"wastewater":[43],"from":[44,240],"Akwa":[45],"Ibom":[46],"State":[47],"University":[48],"in":[49,109,177],"Nigeria":[50],"ML":[52,164],"for":[53,185],"fouling":[54,247],"prediction":[55],"process":[57,215,260],"optimization.":[58],"Biochar":[59,243],"prepared":[61],"by":[62,87],"pyrolysis":[63],"modified":[65],"using":[66],"iron":[67],"oxide":[68],"increase":[70],"surface":[72],"area":[73],"(185.4":[74],"312.7":[76],"m":[77,265],"2":[78],"g":[79,119,218],"-1":[80,94,120,220],")":[81],"functional":[83],"groups,":[84],"as":[85,249],"indicated":[86],"FTIR":[88],"spectroscopy":[89],"(Fe-O":[90],"at":[91],"580":[92],"cm":[93],"),":[95],"scanning":[96],"electron":[97],"microscopy":[98],"BET":[100],"analysis":[101],"(SEM).":[102],"Adsorption":[103],"pollutant":[107],"(COD)":[108],"batch":[110],"mode":[111],"followed":[112],"Langmuir":[113],"model":[114,200],"(qm":[115],"=":[116,123,129,183],"94.3":[117],"mg":[118],",":[121],"R2":[122],"0.986)":[124],"first-order":[126],"kinetics":[127],"(R2":[128,182],"0.978).":[130],"Removal":[131],"COD,":[133],"oil":[134],"grease,":[136],"phosphate":[137],"turbidity":[139],"were":[140,166],"mainly":[141],"dependent":[142],"on":[143,161],"biochar":[144],"dosage":[145],"contact":[147],"time.":[148],"Two-stage":[149],"Plackett-Burman/Box-Behnken":[150],"design":[151],"(45":[152],"runs)":[153],"used":[155,210],"produce":[157],"data":[159],"set":[160],"which":[162],"four":[163],"models":[165],"developed;":[167],"XGBoost":[168],"artificial":[170],"neural":[171],"networks":[172],"exhibited":[173],"best":[175],"results":[176],"terms":[178],"predictive":[180],"performance":[181],"0.91-0.96)":[184],"six":[186],"response":[187],"variables,":[188],"surpassing":[189],"random":[190],"forest":[191],"support":[193],"vector":[194],"regression.":[195],"Combination":[196],"top-performing":[199],"with":[201,232],"genetic":[202],"algorithm,":[203],"particle":[204],"swarm":[205],"Bayesian":[207],"optimization":[208],"find":[212],"optimal":[214],"parameters":[216],"(14":[217],"L":[219],"dose,":[221],"105":[222],"minutes,":[223],"TMP":[224],"1.05":[225],"bar),":[226],"leading":[227],"89-90%":[229],"COD":[230],"removal":[231],"minimized":[233],"membrane":[234],"fouling,":[235],"confirmed":[236],"experimentally":[237],"within":[238],"\u00b15%":[239],"predictions.":[242],"pretreatment":[244],"decreased":[245],"resistance":[248],"compared":[250],"membrane-only":[252],"process,":[253],"while":[254],"preliminary":[255],"techno-economic":[256],"evaluation":[257],"suggested":[258],"cost":[261],"about":[263],"$0.258":[264],"-3":[266],".":[267]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}
