{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202284142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1","title":"Acute and Subacute Dermal Toxicity Evaluation of a Combined Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil Formulation in Albino Wistar Rats","display_name":"Acute and Subacute Dermal Toxicity Evaluation of a Combined Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil Formulation in Albino Wistar Rats","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202284142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10599625/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7202284142"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10599625/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146943323","display_name":"Mankelklot Kasahun Depeso","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153487414","display_name":"Haramaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mankelklot Kasahun Depeso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Haramaya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haramaya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057902507","display_name":"Abay Mulu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6396-2181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6396-2181"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abay Mulu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Addis Ababa University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Addis Ababa University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029163935","display_name":"Zelalem Animaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9270-5558","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9270-5558"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117424","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zelalem Animaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Debre Tabor University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Debre Tabor University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088670499","display_name":"Yonas Girma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonas Girma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Addis Ababa University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Addis Ababa University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056207461","display_name":"Sileshi Degu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-9032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-9032"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159743","display_name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05mfff588","country_code":"ET","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159743"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sileshi Degu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Armauer Hansen Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5146943323"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11065","display_name":"Insect Pest Control Strategies","score":0.6880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11065","display_name":"Insect Pest Control Strategies","score":0.6880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11033","display_name":"Contact Dermatitis and Allergies","score":0.2678000032901764,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10225","display_name":"Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cymbopogon-nardus","display_name":"Cymbopogon nardus","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eucalyptus-globulus","display_name":"Eucalyptus globulus","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essential-oils","display_name":"essential oils","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-toxicity","display_name":"skin toxicity","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mosquito-repellents","display_name":"mosquito repellents","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-repellents","display_name":"natural repellents","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topical-preparations","display_name":"topical formulation","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hematological-parameters","display_name":"hematological parameters","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochemical-parameters","display_name":"biochemical parameters","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-histopathology","display_name":"skin histopathology","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kidney-histopathology","display_name":"kidney histopathology","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-histopathology","display_name":"liver histopathology","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-dermal-toxicity","display_name":"acute skin toxicity","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaria-vector-control","display_name":"malaria vector control","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wistar-rats","display_name":"Wistar rats","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ld50","display_name":"LD50","score":0.6449999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777278459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170885","display_name":"Essential oil","level":2,"score":0.7513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776491502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159528","display_name":"Eucalyptus globulus","level":3,"score":0.6847000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.6277999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.5576000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116263406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299024","display_name":"Acute toxicity","level":3,"score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544855455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070952","display_name":"Histopathology","level":2,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781207017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511687","display_name":"Eucalyptus oil","level":2,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020547009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070952","display_name":"Histopathological examination","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778231731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161572","display_name":"Eucalyptol","level":3,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779717098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131207","display_name":"Cosmetics","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780182762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279","display_name":"Guideline","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779158651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188840","display_name":"Medicinal plants","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019129585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77776","display_name":"Skin irritation","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207480886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42982","display_name":"Allergy","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10599625/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599625/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10599625/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9763000011444092}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324791","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202284142.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202284142.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036029791","https://openalex.org/W2094940818","https://openalex.org/W2133465603","https://openalex.org/W2929051994","https://openalex.org/W3021383294","https://openalex.org/W3194012056","https://openalex.org/W4322504388","https://openalex.org/W4394884214","https://openalex.org/W4404057778"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963996782","https://openalex.org/W7161141054","https://openalex.org/W2119053679","https://openalex.org/W6912376739","https://openalex.org/W2767186359","https://openalex.org/W2986374153","https://openalex.org/W4311815881","https://openalex.org/W7133184040","https://openalex.org/W3068043570","https://openalex.org/W7211886196"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],":":[2,104,307,394],"Mosquito-borne":[3],"diseases,":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6],"malaria,":[7],"remain":[8],"a":[9,79,148,422],"major":[10],"public":[11],"health":[12],"concern":[13],"in":[14,117,332,347,356,412,428],"Ethiopia":[15],"and":[16,35,46,53,74,83,91,97,128,163,229,241,277,299,318,362,376,387,399],"elsewhere":[17],"globally.":[18],"While":[19],"synthetic":[20],"repellants":[21],"are":[22],"effective,":[23],"their":[24,61],"repeated":[25],"use":[26,63],"has":[27,64],"been":[28,66],"associated":[29],"with":[30],"skin":[31,271,300,388],"irritation,":[32],"allergic":[33],"reactions,":[34],"environmental":[36],"concerns.":[37],"Natural":[38],"repellents,":[39],"like":[40],"essential":[41,158,183],"oils":[42,141,159,184],"from":[43],"C.":[44,161,316,397],"nardus":[45,82,162,317,398],"E.":[47,164,319,400],"globulus":[48,85,165,320,401],",":[49],"offer":[50],"promising":[51],"repellent":[52],"therapeutic":[54],"advantages.":[55],"However,":[56],"the":[57,72,94,118,126,134,247,250,254,268,283,286,296,315,330,416],"dermal":[58,76,190,201,236,309,410,425],"safety":[59,426],"of":[60,78,93,99,114,133,160,174,238,246,267,285,314,343,384],"combined":[62,80,396],"not":[65,404],"scientifically":[67],"evaluated.":[68],"Objectives:":[69],"To":[70],"evaluate":[71],"acute":[73,407],"sub-acute":[75,199,409],"toxicity":[77,191,202,344,411],"Cymbopogon":[81],"Eucalyptus":[84],"formulation":[86,122,153,259,321,331,402],"on":[87,186],"hematological,":[88],"biochemical":[89,278,368],"parameters,":[90],"histopathology":[92],"skin,":[95],"kidney,":[96],"liver":[98],"albino":[100,212],"Wistar":[101,213,413],"rats.":[102],"Methodology":[103],"The":[105,121,232,258,308,395],"plant":[106],"material":[107],"was":[108,123,154,192,203,260,322,345],"harvested":[109],"about":[110],"270":[111],"kilometers":[112],"south":[113],"Addis":[115],"Ababa,":[116],"Wondogenet":[119],"region.":[120],"prepared":[124,155],"by":[125,144,156],"Traditional":[127],"Modern":[129],"Medicine":[130],"Research":[131,137],"Directorate":[132],"Armauer":[135],"Hansen":[136],"Institute":[138],"(AHRI).":[139],"Essential":[140],"were":[142,218,280,301,351],"extracted":[143],"hydro":[145],"distillation":[146],"using":[147],"Clevenger-type":[149],"apparatus.":[150],"A":[151],"topical":[152],"incorporating":[157],"(2":[166],"mL":[167],"each;":[168],"1:1,":[169],"v/v)":[170],"into":[171,221],"100":[172],"g":[173],"white":[175],"petrolatum,":[176],"corresponding":[177],"to":[178,206,264,324],"approximately":[179,265],"3.5%":[180],"w/w":[181],"total":[182],"based":[185],"estimated":[187],"density.":[188],"Acute":[189],"evaluated":[193],"following":[194],"OECD":[195,207],"guideline":[196,208],"402,":[197],"while":[198,249],"(28-day)":[200],"assessed":[204],"according":[205],"410.":[209],"Forty":[210],"adult":[211],"rats":[214,414],"(8\u201312":[215],"weeks":[216],"old)":[217],"randomly":[219],"assigned":[220],"four":[222],"groups":[223,234],"(n=10":[224],"per":[225],"group;":[226],"5":[227,230,335],"males":[228],"females).":[231],"test":[233],"received":[235,253],"applications":[237],"250,":[239],"500,":[240],"1000":[242],"mg/kg":[243],"body":[244,357],"weight/day":[245],"formulation,":[248],"control":[251,377],"group":[252],"vehicle":[255],"(white":[256],"petrolatum).":[257],"applied":[261],"once":[262],"daily":[263],"10%":[266],"shaved":[269],"dorsal":[270],"for":[272,303],"28":[273],"consecutive":[274],"days.":[275],"Hematological":[276],"parameters":[279],"analyzed":[281],"at":[282,415],"end":[284],"study.":[287,349],"Following":[288],"euthanasia":[289],"under":[290],"sodium":[291],"pentobarbital":[292],"anesthesia":[293],"(150":[294],"mg/kg),":[295],"liver,":[297,385],"kidneys,":[298,386],"collected":[302],"Histopathological":[304,379],"evaluation.":[305],"Result":[306],"mean":[310],"lethal":[311],"dose":[312,391],"LD50":[313],"found":[323],"be":[325],"above":[326],"5000mg/kg":[327],"b.w,":[328],"placing":[329],"GHS":[333],"category":[334],"(Lowest":[336],"toxicity).":[337],"No":[338],"mortality":[339],"or":[340,370,408],"clinical":[341],"sign":[342],"observed":[346],"either":[348],"There":[350],"no":[352],"significant":[353],"differences":[354],"(P>0.05)":[355],"weight":[358],"gain,":[359],"food":[360],"intake,":[361,364],"water":[363],"hematological":[365],"indices,":[366],"serum":[367],"markers,":[369],"relative":[371],"organ":[372],"weights":[373],"between":[374],"treated":[375],"groups.":[378,392],"examination":[380],"revealed":[381],"normal":[382],"architecture":[383],"across":[389],"all":[390],"Conclusion":[393],"did":[403],"produce":[405],"observable":[406],"tested":[417],"doses.":[418],"These":[419],"findings":[420],"indicate":[421],"favorable":[423],"short-term":[424],"profile":[427],"this":[429],"animal":[430],"model.":[431]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}
