{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202283145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","title":"Water, sanitation, and hygiene practices among internally displaced households in Yemen: a cross sectional study","display_name":"Water, sanitation, and hygiene practices among internally displaced households in Yemen: a cross sectional study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202283145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43000305","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13746414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200437886","display_name":"BMC Public Health","issn_l":"1471-2458","issn":["1471-2458"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7202283145"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059349211","display_name":"Mansour Abdu Al-Taj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0876-2128","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0876-2128"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170535673","display_name":"Sana'a University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hcvaf32","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170535673"]}],"countries":["YE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mansour Abdu Al-Taj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen. m.altaj@su.edu.ye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen. m.altaj@su.edu.ye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170535673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059349211"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170535673"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14090","display_name":"Health and Conflict Studies","score":0.016200000420212746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14232","display_name":"Water Resource Management and Quality","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wash","display_name":"water, sanitation and hygiene","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internally-displaced-persons","display_name":"internally displaced persons","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanitarian-crises","display_name":"humanitarian crisis","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-age","display_name":"maternal age","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporary-shelters","display_name":"temporary shelters","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hygiene-promotion","display_name":"hygiene promotion","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yemen","display_name":"Yemen","score":0.9070000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.8252000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13934251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145466","display_name":"Internally displaced person","level":3,"score":0.8212000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140556311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214746","display_name":"Biostatistics","level":3,"score":0.8015000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.7038999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.6915000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.6791999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5784000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.4916999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104513104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837556","display_name":"Displaced person","level":3,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994107952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814351","display_name":"Public health interventions","level":3,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777919664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552461","display_name":"Hand washing","level":3,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019613579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Personal hygiene","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780877353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253","display_name":"Health services research","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5395021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061410","display_name":"Program evaluation","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005191","descriptor_name":"Family Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006920","descriptor_name":"Hygiene","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007407","descriptor_name":"Interviews as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012036","descriptor_name":"Refugees","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012036","descriptor_name":"Refugees","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012499","descriptor_name":"Sanitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012499","descriptor_name":"Sanitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014881","descriptor_name":"Water Supply","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014881","descriptor_name":"Water Supply","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015006","descriptor_name":"Yemen","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200437886","display_name":"BMC Public Health","issn_l":"1471-2458","issn":["1471-2458"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43000305","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43000305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13746414","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13746414/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Public Health","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28992-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200437886","display_name":"BMC Public Health","issn_l":"1471-2458","issn":["1471-2458"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.6618000268936157,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"score":0.6025999784469604,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"score":0.41670000553131104,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055553384","https://openalex.org/W2752676182","https://openalex.org/W2944592180","https://openalex.org/W2965869004","https://openalex.org/W2998988941","https://openalex.org/W3216063024","https://openalex.org/W4225788809","https://openalex.org/W4280601409","https://openalex.org/W4281483210","https://openalex.org/W4283171886","https://openalex.org/W4293418739","https://openalex.org/W4295067067","https://openalex.org/W4297540605","https://openalex.org/W4304148179","https://openalex.org/W4309643624","https://openalex.org/W4312065707","https://openalex.org/W4320484339","https://openalex.org/W4366463941","https://openalex.org/W4367180196","https://openalex.org/W4384007948","https://openalex.org/W4385586531","https://openalex.org/W4386897779","https://openalex.org/W4387451417","https://openalex.org/W4390788218","https://openalex.org/W4391951157","https://openalex.org/W4392983270","https://openalex.org/W4400456868","https://openalex.org/W4400648054","https://openalex.org/W4401911074","https://openalex.org/W4403636063","https://openalex.org/W4404332604","https://openalex.org/W4406265203","https://openalex.org/W4408910814","https://openalex.org/W4410226346","https://openalex.org/W4411758847","https://openalex.org/W4411995426","https://openalex.org/W4412707946","https://openalex.org/W4412793823","https://openalex.org/W4413399869","https://openalex.org/W4414936133","https://openalex.org/W4414994542","https://openalex.org/W4416575143","https://openalex.org/W4417290935","https://openalex.org/W7125942590","https://openalex.org/W7140390887","https://openalex.org/W7164178927","https://openalex.org/W7167679240"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6912227645","https://openalex.org/W4413399869","https://openalex.org/W3031950296","https://openalex.org/W4321606086","https://openalex.org/W7171398640","https://openalex.org/W7214125814","https://openalex.org/W4390534583","https://openalex.org/W4387901507","https://openalex.org/W4310191099"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"In":[1],"crisis-affected":[2,43],"settings,":[3],"including":[4],"contexts":[5],"characterized":[6],"by":[7],"internal":[8],"displacement,":[9],"access":[10,136],"to":[11,90,108,137,149,167],"safe":[12],"water,":[13],"sanitation,":[14],"and":[15,30,52,78,117,164,174],"hygiene":[16,177],"(WASH)":[17],"services":[18],"is":[19],"frequently":[20],"disrupted":[21],"or":[22],"remains":[23],"inadequate.":[24],"OBJECTIVE:":[25],"To":[26],"assess":[27],"WASH":[28,36,103,132,152,169],"practices":[29,37],"identify":[31],"factors":[32],"associated":[33,128],"with":[34,83,129],"good":[35,102,151],"among":[38,180],"internally":[39,68],"displaced":[40,69],"households":[41,100],"in":[42,171],"settings.":[44],"METHODS:":[45],"This":[46],"study":[47],"used":[48],"a":[49,59],"cross-sectional":[50],"design":[51],"collected":[53],"data":[54],"through":[55],"face-to-face":[56],"interviews":[57],"using":[58],"structured":[60],"questionnaire.":[61],"A":[62],"total":[63],"of":[64,99],"627":[65],"women":[66],"from":[67],"were":[70,74,88,127,146],"surveyed.":[71],"Descriptive":[72],"statistics":[73],"reported":[75],"as":[76],"proportions":[77],"adjusted":[79],"odds":[80],"ratios":[81],"(AORs)":[82],"95%":[84,114,124,143],"confidence":[85],"intervals":[86],"(CIs)":[87],"calculated":[89],"quantify":[91],"the":[92,158],"associations":[93],"between":[94],"variables.":[95],"RESULTS:":[96],"Only":[97],"39.9%":[98],"had":[101],"practices.":[104,133],"Women":[105],"aged":[106],"31":[107],"39":[109],"years":[110,120],"(AOR":[111,121,140],"=":[112,122,141],"1.61;":[113],"CI:":[115,125,144],"1.05-2.47)":[116],"\u2265":[118],"40":[119],"2.11;":[123],"1.19-3.72)":[126],"better":[130],"household":[131],"Households":[134],"without":[135],"improved":[138],"sanitation":[139],"0.40;":[142],"0.24-0.67)":[145],"less":[147],"likely":[148],"have":[150],"practice.":[153],"CONCLUSION:":[154],"These":[155],"findings":[156],"highlight":[157],"need":[159],"for":[160],"integrated":[161],"public":[162],"health":[163],"humanitarian":[165],"interventions":[166],"improve":[168],"facilities":[170],"temporary":[172],"shelters":[173],"strengthen":[175],"targeted":[176],"promotion,":[178],"particularly":[179],"younger":[181],"women.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}
