{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202283111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","title":"Effects of varying lateral spot size and beam energy spread in proton therapy: a phantom and patient case study","display_name":"Effects of varying lateral spot size and beam energy spread in proton therapy: a phantom and patient case study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202283111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42586152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20241394","display_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","issn_l":"0031-9155","issn":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117616826","display_name":"Chau Giang Bui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5807-1113","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5807-1113"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chau Giang Bui","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Health Network","University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5807-1113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Health Network","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012531555","display_name":"Christopher M. Lund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2491-4125","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2491-4125"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher M Lund","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2491-4125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044030464","display_name":"Jamiel Nasser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8330-5382","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8330-5382"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamiel Nasser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Health Network","University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Health Network","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111352897","display_name":"Morgan J. Maher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5809-224X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5809-224X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morgan Maher","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051078337","display_name":"Julien Bancheri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4966-3310","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4966-3310"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julien Bancheri","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146967606","display_name":"Jason Yuan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Health Network","University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Health Network","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045243103","display_name":"Verdi Vanreusel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-133X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-133X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Verdi Vanreusel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Health Network"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-133X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Health Network","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043266229","display_name":"Amy L. Parent","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7943-1076","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7943-1076"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy Parent","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Health Network","University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7943-1076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Health Network","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062157572","display_name":"Monica F. Serban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0008-5177","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0008-5177"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monica Serban","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Health Network","University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Health Network","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013292433","display_name":"Jan P. Seuntjens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-5924","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-5924"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Seuntjens","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Health Network","University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Health Network","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5117616826"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59688921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"17","first_page":"175030","last_page":"175030"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.01269999984651804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11367","display_name":"Particle accelerators and beam dynamics","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric-wall-accelerator","display_name":"dielectric wall accelerator","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-therapy","display_name":"proton therapy","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-energy-spread","display_name":"beam energy spread","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-optimization","display_name":"robust optimization","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organs-at-risk-sparing","display_name":"organs at risk sparing","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-dose","display_name":"surface dose","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-of-maximum-dose","display_name":"depth of maximum dose","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-phantom","display_name":"water phantom","score":0.4440000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.9021000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.619700014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779244869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507667","display_name":"Proton therapy","level":3,"score":0.5964999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5906999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180048950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836828","display_name":"Linear particle accelerator","level":3,"score":0.5508999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5087000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56200935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250840","display_name":"Nozzle","level":2,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119440689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876179","display_name":"Beam diameter","level":4,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189166818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130825","display_name":"Particle accelerator","level":3,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780944729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897227","display_name":"Bragg peak","level":3,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984396361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q346704","display_name":"Beam energy","level":3,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201645570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830637","display_name":"Radiation treatment planning","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146904657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201332","display_name":"Stopping power","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011879","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Dosage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061766","descriptor_name":"Proton Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061766","descriptor_name":"Proton Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20241394","display_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","issn_l":"0031-9155","issn":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42586152","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42586152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in medicine and biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20241394","display_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","issn_l":"0031-9155","issn":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G241995198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIHR PJT 183753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","funder_display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202283111.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202283111.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2289507464","https://openalex.org/W2095228652","https://openalex.org/W1986363917","https://openalex.org/W2910141956","https://openalex.org/W2179893674","https://openalex.org/W2906551738","https://openalex.org/W1965186381","https://openalex.org/W4410547329","https://openalex.org/W4313652581","https://openalex.org/W2889554611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Objective.":[1],"The":[2],"dielectric":[3],"wall":[4],"accelerator":[5,84],"(DWA)":[6],"is":[7,211],"proposed":[8],"as":[9,251],"a":[10,109,146,151,255],"low-cost,":[11],"compact":[12],"system":[13,156],"for":[14,26,44,145,231,275,296],"proton":[15,37,164],"therapy.":[16],"It":[17],"offers":[18],"additional":[19],"degrees":[20],"of":[21,51,68,186,220,243,259,270,299,303],"freedom":[22],"over":[23],"conventional":[24,163],"accelerators":[25],"controlling":[27],"beam":[28,38,58,80,165,228,248],"parameters.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31],"seeks":[32],"to":[33,77,122,273,277,286],"determine":[34],"clinically":[35],"desirable":[36],"characteristics":[39,302],"by":[40],"evaluating":[41],"their":[42],"implications":[43],"treatment":[45,139],"plan":[46],"quality;":[47],"particularly,":[48],"the":[49,69,83,94,170,178,184,196,215,235,244,247,268,294,300],"influence":[50],"variations":[52],"in":[53,72,113,143,212],"lateral":[54,197,256],"spot":[55,96,116,198,257],"size":[56,117,199,258],"and":[57,98,133,150,182,192,263,289,292],"energy":[59,99,126,175,229,265],"spread":[60,127,230,266],"were":[61,105,141,160,254],"investigated.":[62],"Approach.":[63],"A":[64,217],"linear":[65],"optics":[66],"model":[67,112],"DWA,":[70],"developed":[71],"TRANSOPTR":[73],",":[74],"was":[75,118,128,224,237],"used":[76],"define":[78],"realistic":[79,241],"parameters":[81,104,249],"at":[82,101],"exit,":[85],"from":[86,120,130],"which":[87,210],"an":[88,264],"analytical":[89],"method":[90],"selected":[91],"those":[92],"yielding":[93],"desired":[95],"sizes":[97],"spreads":[100,176],"isocenter.":[102],"These":[103,281],"subsequently":[106],"passed":[107],"through":[108],"generic":[110],"nozzle":[111],"TOPAS.":[114],"Lateral":[115],"varied":[119,129],"1":[121,261],"10":[123],"mm.":[124],"Beam":[125],"0.00005":[131],"%":[132,135,272],"15":[134],".":[136],"Robustly":[137],"optimized":[138],"plans":[140],"generated":[142],"RayStation":[144],"homogeneous":[147],"water":[148,171],"phantom":[149,172,191],"sample":[152],"pediatric":[153],"central":[154],"nervous":[155],"cancer":[157],"case.":[158],"Results":[159],"validated":[161],"against":[162],"data.":[166],"Main":[167],"results.":[168],"In":[169,189],"study,":[173],"lower":[174],"decreased":[177],"normalized":[179],"surface":[180],"dose":[181],"increased":[183],"depth":[185],"maximum":[187],"dose.":[188],"both":[190,287],"patient":[193],"cases,":[194],"reducing":[195],"yielded":[200],"greater":[201],"organs-at-risk":[202],"(OAR)":[203],"sparing":[204,223],"while":[205],"maintaining":[206],"comparable":[207],"target":[208],"coverage,":[209],"agreement":[213],"with":[214,226],"literature.":[216],"similar":[218],"trend":[219],"improved":[221],"OAR":[222],"observed":[225],"reduced":[227],"all":[232],"cases;":[233],"albeit,":[234],"effect":[236],"less":[238],"pronounced.":[239],"For":[240],"optimization":[242],"DWA":[245,305],"system,":[246],"identified":[250],"most":[252],"favorable":[253],"approximately":[260],"mm":[262],"on":[267],"order":[269],"0.05":[271],"0.5%":[274],"20":[276],"226":[278],"MeV.":[279],"Significance.":[280],"results":[282],"should":[283],"prove":[284],"useful":[285],"hardware":[288],"numerical":[290],"efforts,":[291],"form":[293],"basis":[295],"future":[297],"studies":[298],"clinical":[301],"prospective":[304],"machines.":[306]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}
