{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202280030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","title":"Development and Experimental Validation of a Flow-Optimized, Additively Manufactured, Highly Integrated Powder Nozzle for Internal Laser Cladding","display_name":"Development and Experimental Validation of a Flow-Optimized, Additively Manufactured, Highly Integrated Powder Nozzle for Internal Laser Cladding","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202280030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898565713","display_name":"Procedia CIRP","issn_l":"2212-8271","issn":["2212-8271"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia CIRP","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088052203","display_name":"Annika Bohlen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1984-5818","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1984-5818"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801587597","display_name":"Bremen Institute for Applied Beam Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01k6z4z19","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801587597"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Annika Bohlen","raw_affiliation_strings":["BIAS \u2013 Bremer Institut f\u00fcr angewandte Strahltechnik GmbH, Klagenfurter Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIAS \u2013 Bremer Institut f\u00fcr angewandte Strahltechnik GmbH, Klagenfurter Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801587597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048668921","display_name":"Thomas Seefeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1283-4761","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1283-4761"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801587597","display_name":"Bremen Institute for Applied Beam Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01k6z4z19","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801587597"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Seefeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["BIAS \u2013 Bremer Institut f\u00fcr angewandte Strahltechnik GmbH, Klagenfurter Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany","MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes \u2013 University of Bremen, Bibliothekstra\u00dfe 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIAS \u2013 Bremer Institut f\u00fcr angewandte Strahltechnik GmbH, Klagenfurter Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801587597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes \u2013 University of Bremen, Bibliothekstra\u00dfe 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110988049","display_name":"Konstantin Bischoff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantin Bischoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Pascalstrasse 8-9, 10587 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Pascalstrasse 8-9, 10587 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Barz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00fcrgen Barz","raw_affiliation_strings":["SCHMELZMETALL DEUTSCHLAND GmbH, Raiffeisenstra\u00dfe 5, 97854 Steinfeld-Hausen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SCHMELZMETALL DEUTSCHLAND GmbH, Raiffeisenstra\u00dfe 5, 97854 Steinfeld-Hausen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147057322","display_name":"Andreas Ebert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Ebert","raw_affiliation_strings":["SCHMELZMETALL DEUTSCHLAND GmbH, Raiffeisenstra\u00dfe 5, 97854 Steinfeld-Hausen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SCHMELZMETALL DEUTSCHLAND GmbH, Raiffeisenstra\u00dfe 5, 97854 Steinfeld-Hausen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074209684","display_name":"Andy Tauber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy T\u00e4uber","raw_affiliation_strings":["SCHMELZMETALL DEUTSCHLAND GmbH, Raiffeisenstra\u00dfe 5, 97854 Steinfeld-Hausen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SCHMELZMETALL DEUTSCHLAND GmbH, Raiffeisenstra\u00dfe 5, 97854 Steinfeld-Hausen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147060760","display_name":"Astemir Getigezhev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7746-0368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7746-0368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146571","display_name":"Nutech (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05h2czb21","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146571"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Astemir Getigezhev","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUTECH Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Lasertechnik und Materialpr\u00fcfung mbH, Ilsahl 5, 24536 Neum\u00fcnster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUTECH Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Lasertechnik und Materialpr\u00fcfung mbH, Ilsahl 5, 24536 Neum\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146988670","display_name":"Torsten Bady","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146571","display_name":"Nutech (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05h2czb21","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146571"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torsten Bady","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUTECH Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Lasertechnik und Materialpr\u00fcfung mbH, Ilsahl 5, 24536 Neum\u00fcnster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUTECH Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Lasertechnik und Materialpr\u00fcfung mbH, Ilsahl 5, 24536 Neum\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088052203"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801587597"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46850834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"143","issue":null,"first_page":"74","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13470","display_name":"Surface Treatment and Coatings","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-powder-bed-fusion","display_name":"laser powder bed fusion","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper-beryllium-alloy","display_name":"copper-beryllium alloy","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nozzle-cooling","display_name":"nozzle cooling","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tube-repair","display_name":"tube repair","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometric-confinement","display_name":"confined geometries","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-flow-simulation","display_name":"gas flow simulation","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-sheet-imaging","display_name":"light-sheet imaging","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-stability","display_name":"thermal stability","score":0.7099999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56200935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250840","display_name":"Nozzle","level":2,"score":0.8822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8636999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36456112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288064","display_name":"Cladding (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.6884999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776020425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25045309","display_name":"Inconel 625","level":3,"score":0.545199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781448156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570182","display_name":"Coating","level":2,"score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171483109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6047852","display_name":"Internal flow","level":3,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778450782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445063","display_name":"Powder coating","level":3,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779194328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6047905","display_name":"Internal oxidation","level":3,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7794659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726605","display_name":"Powder metallurgy","level":3,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1633027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778703219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898562","display_name":"Inconel","level":3,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780566776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159341","display_name":"Mold","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129716092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912130","display_name":"Internal heating","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779661778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938243","display_name":"Metal powder","level":3,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107430045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364409","display_name":"Inertial confinement fusion","level":3,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898565713","display_name":"Procedia CIRP","issn_l":"2212-8271","issn":["2212-8271"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia CIRP","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.07.018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898565713","display_name":"Procedia CIRP","issn_l":"2212-8271","issn":["2212-8271"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia CIRP","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2895878312","https://openalex.org/W2898690307","https://openalex.org/W3088222717","https://openalex.org/W3137348167","https://openalex.org/W3208251407","https://openalex.org/W4295034731","https://openalex.org/W4308879843","https://openalex.org/W4399724904","https://openalex.org/W4402412246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3196921077","https://openalex.org/W4248571997","https://openalex.org/W2321845844","https://openalex.org/W2912782208","https://openalex.org/W2001698569","https://openalex.org/W2075857850","https://openalex.org/W3134984890","https://openalex.org/W2355323525","https://openalex.org/W2620960712","https://openalex.org/W2380047537"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internal":[0],"laser":[1,57,61,151,188],"cladding":[2,58,152,189],"is":[3],"applied":[4],"for":[5,55,186],"the":[6,21,46,121,128,142,175],"repair":[7],"and":[8,18,32,48,82,92,111,167],"functionalization":[9],"of":[10,38,50,141,160,177],"components":[11],"with":[12,100,157,183],"internal":[13,56,150,192],"geometries":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"tubes":[17],"bores.":[19],"However,":[20],"confined":[22,191],"geometry":[23,105],"imposes":[24],"strong":[25],"constraints":[26],"on":[27],"nozzle":[28,54,72,181],"size,":[29],"powder":[30,53,62,93,103,165],"delivery,":[31],"thermal":[33,116],"stability,":[34],"making":[35],"reliable":[36,187],"coating":[37],"small":[39],"inner":[40],"diameters":[41],"challenging.":[42],"This":[43],"study":[44],"presents":[45],"development":[47],"validation":[49],"a":[51,67,107,137,155,158],"compact":[52],"manufactured":[59,179],"by":[60],"bed":[63],"fusion":[64],"(PBF-LB/M)":[65],"from":[66],"precipitation-hardenable":[68],"copper\u2013beryllium":[69],"alloy.":[70],"The":[71,124,172],"design":[73],"was":[74],"optimized":[75],"using":[76,106],"coupled":[77],"computational":[78],"fluid":[79],"dynamics":[80],"(CFD)":[81],"discrete":[83],"element":[84],"method":[85,110],"(DEM)":[86],"simulations":[87],"to":[88,102,115,119,135],"analyze":[89],"gas":[90],"flow":[91],"particle":[94],"dynamics.":[95],"Prototypes":[96],"were":[97,112],"experimentally":[98],"characterized":[99],"respect":[101],"stream":[104],"light-sheet":[108],"imaging":[109],"additionally":[113],"subjected":[114],"load":[117],"tests":[118],"evaluate":[120],"cooling":[122,185],"performance.":[123],"results":[125,173],"showed":[126],"that":[127],"integrated":[129,184],"water-cooling":[130],"system":[131],"dissipates":[132],"sufficient":[133],"heat":[134],"prevent":[136],"measurable":[138],"temperature":[139],"increase":[140],"nozzle,":[143],"even":[144],"under":[145],"worst-case":[146],"irradiation":[147],"conditions.":[148],"Finally,":[149],"experiments":[153],"in":[154,190],"tube":[156],"diameter":[159],"65":[161],"mm":[162],"confirmed":[163],"stable":[164],"delivery":[166],"uniform":[168],"Inconel":[169],"625":[170],"coatings.":[171],"demonstrate":[174],"potential":[176],"additively":[178],"copper-based":[180],"designs":[182],"geometries.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}