{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202265075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.751608","title":"Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of the Central Lateral Thalamus in a Non-Human Primate Model of Disorders of Consciousness","display_name":"Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of the Central Lateral Thalamus in a Non-Human Primate Model of Disorders of Consciousness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202265075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.751608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.15.751608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.751608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.751608","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/21/2026.09.15.751608.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/21/2026.09.15.751608.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087502816","display_name":"Carter Lybbert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carter Lybbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151849901","display_name":"Caroline Garrett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Garrett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046977571","display_name":"Taylor D. Webb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-7600","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-7600"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taylor Webb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037991511","display_name":"Keisuke Tsunoda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1579-0549","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1579-0549"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keisuke Tsunoda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152374116","display_name":"Ruksana Begum","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruksana Begum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018241658","display_name":"Jan Kubanek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0527-5559","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0527-5559"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Kubanek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087502816"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10958","display_name":"Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10958","display_name":"Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focused-ultrasound-neuromodulation","display_name":"focused ultrasound neuromodulation","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disorders-of-consciousness","display_name":"disorders of consciousness","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhesus-macaques","display_name":"rhesus monkeys","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propofol-anesthesia","display_name":"propofol anesthesia","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"arousal","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eeg-beta-power","display_name":"EEG beta power","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-invasive-brain-stimulation","display_name":"non-invasive brain stimulation","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonhuman-primate-model","display_name":"nonhuman primate model","score":0.7860000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780375056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905905","display_name":"Neuromodulation","level":3,"score":0.6323999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779246727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184215","display_name":"Thalamus","level":2,"score":0.5821999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780509455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380","display_name":"Primate","level":2,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985948822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q564897","display_name":"Focused ultrasound","level":3,"score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139720","display_name":"Persistent vegetative state","level":4,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551621295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182228","display_name":"Brainstem","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018809729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380","display_name":"Nonhuman primate","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.15.751608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.751608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.751608","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/21/2026.09.15.751608.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21905529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21905529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21905529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dataset"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.15.751608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.751608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.751608","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/21/2026.09.15.751608.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6426130533218384,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202265075.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202265075.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W265978920","https://openalex.org/W1970545979","https://openalex.org/W1988881714","https://openalex.org/W1989167946","https://openalex.org/W2020522720","https://openalex.org/W2129204955","https://openalex.org/W2158502532","https://openalex.org/W2479099656","https://openalex.org/W2782385981","https://openalex.org/W2783244104","https://openalex.org/W2888291143","https://openalex.org/W2955504961","https://openalex.org/W2997925374","https://openalex.org/W3005621022","https://openalex.org/W3008084353","https://openalex.org/W3113180287","https://openalex.org/W3117230324","https://openalex.org/W3123327712","https://openalex.org/W3159289346","https://openalex.org/W3204411653","https://openalex.org/W4220848255","https://openalex.org/W4224312597","https://openalex.org/W4303575157","https://openalex.org/W4366263014","https://openalex.org/W4387253641","https://openalex.org/W4393950535","https://openalex.org/W4411397270","https://openalex.org/W4414976859","https://openalex.org/W4415671713","https://openalex.org/W7124461693"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384455692","https://openalex.org/W7010376579","https://openalex.org/W4224312597","https://openalex.org/W3216802844","https://openalex.org/W7162664198","https://openalex.org/W1989167946","https://openalex.org/W7130342484","https://openalex.org/W4408348628","https://openalex.org/W4286559923","https://openalex.org/W7207666950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Objectives":[1],"Disorders":[2],"of":[3,25,67,69,77,105,178,248,260,267],"consciousness":[4],"(DOC)":[5],"affect":[6],"an":[7,300],"estimated":[8],"200,000":[9],"patients":[10],"in":[11,72,129,141,230,256],"the":[12,32,65,70,179,183,201,244,249,265],"United":[13],"States.":[14],"Effective":[15],"treatment":[16],"options":[17],"have":[18,47],"remained":[19,217],"elusive.":[20],"Focused":[21,121],"ultrasound":[22,119],"neuromodulation":[23],"(FUS)":[24],"brain":[26],"regions":[27],"controlling":[28],"consciousness,":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31,39,102,299],"central":[33],"lateral":[34],"thalamus":[35],"(CLT),":[36],"has":[37],"emerged":[38],"a":[40,73,103,113,133],"promising":[41],"non-invasive":[42],"treatment.":[43],"However,":[44],"prior":[45,281],"studies":[46,306],"been":[48],"limited":[49,59],"by":[50],"broad":[51],"effective":[52],"stimulation":[53,285,295],"volumes,":[54],"missing":[55],"control":[56,81,162,315],"conditions,":[57],"and":[58,83,91,122,132,155,157,161,222,311],"target":[60],"validation.":[61],"This":[62],"study":[63],"investigated":[64],"effects":[66,263],"FUS":[68,247,269],"CLT":[71,108,250],"nonhuman":[74],"primate":[75],"model":[76,104],"DOC":[78],"with":[79,225,280],"robust":[80,85,314],"conditions":[82,316],"more":[84],"targeting":[86],"than":[87],"previous":[88],"experiments.":[89],"Materials":[90],"Methods":[92],"Two":[93],"male":[94],"rhesus":[95],"macaques":[96],"underwent":[97],"1-hour":[98],"propofol":[99],"anesthesia":[100],"sessions":[101,163,221],"DOC.":[106],"Bilateral":[107],"targets":[109],"were":[110,127],"sonicated":[111],"using":[112],"stereotactically":[114],"mounted":[115],"256-element":[116],"phased-array":[117],"focused":[118],"system.":[120],"unfocused":[123,202],"(random":[124],"phases)":[125],"paradigms":[126,185],"tested":[128,140,245],"both":[130],"animals,":[131],"spotlighting":[134],"(sonicating":[135],"multiple":[136],"targets)":[137],"paradigm":[138,203],"was":[139,145,196],"one":[142],"animal.":[143],"Arousal":[144],"monitored":[146],"via":[147],"EEG":[148],"beta":[149],"power,":[150],"pulse":[151],"oximetry,":[152],"breathing":[153,233],"rate,":[154,232,234],"movement,":[156],"compared":[158],"between":[159],"sonication":[160],"for":[164,176],"each":[165],"paradigm.":[166,270],"Results":[167],"Paired":[168],"Wilcoxon":[169],"signed-rank":[170],"tests":[171],"showed":[172],"no":[173,226],"significant":[174,228],"differences":[175],"any":[177],"four":[180],"measures":[181],"across":[182],"three":[184],"(all":[186],"p":[187],"FDR":[188],"\u2265":[189],"0.30":[190],").":[191],"The":[192,258,271],"largest":[193,272],"observed":[194],"effect":[195,273],"increased":[197],"body":[198],"movement":[199],"under":[200,275],"(":[204],"r":[205],"rb":[206],"=":[207],"+0.58),":[208],"though":[209],"this":[210,268,309],"did":[211,251],"not":[212,252],"reach":[213],"statistical":[214],"significance.":[215],"Animals":[216],"physiologically":[218],"stable":[219],"throughout":[220],"recovery":[223],"periods,":[224],"clinically":[227],"changes":[229,255],"heart":[231],"blood":[235],"oxygen":[236],"saturation,":[237],"or":[238],"other":[239],"safety":[240,266],"concerns.":[241],"Conclusions":[242],"Under":[243],"parameters,":[246],"produce":[253,287],"measurable":[254],"arousal.":[257],"absence":[259],"adverse":[261],"physiological":[262],"supports":[264],"occurring":[274],"spatially":[276],"distributed":[277,293],"sonication,":[278],"consistent":[279],"evidence":[282],"that":[283,292],"broader":[284],"volumes":[286],"stronger":[288],"arousal":[289],"responses,":[290],"suggests":[291],"network":[294],"may":[296],"warrant":[297],"investigation":[298],"alternative":[301],"to":[302,317],"focal":[303],"targeting.":[304],"Future":[305],"should":[307,312],"investigate":[308],"possibility":[310],"include":[313],"properly":[318],"quantify":[319],"effects.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}
