{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202264307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","title":"Mortality attributed to complications of surgical operations in the United States: a retrospective cohort study of death certificate data, 1999\u20132024","display_name":"Mortality attributed to complications of surgical operations in the United States: a retrospective cohort study of death certificate data, 1999\u20132024","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202264307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42583630","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13461080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226177","display_name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","issn_l":"2049-0801","issn":["2049-0801"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Medicine &amp; Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117405558","display_name":"Dheeraj K. Sailish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3424-5979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3424-5979"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dheeraj kumar alias Sailish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113832466","display_name":"Pranjal Wadhwani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196431481","display_name":"Isra University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rmz8121","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196431481"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pranjal Wadhwani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Isra University, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Isra University, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196431481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100746737","display_name":"Jagdesh Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-047X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-047X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1318157472","display_name":"Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/015jxh185","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318157472"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jagdesh Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1318157472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103959402","display_name":"Sagar Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259367","display_name":"People's University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women","ror":"https://ror.org/024m1xa82","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259367"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sagar Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, affiliated with People\u2019s University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, affiliated with People\u2019s University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146991736","display_name":"Iqra Javed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799309473","display_name":"Liaquat National Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01xytvd82","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799309473"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iqra Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799309473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135959319","display_name":"Fnu Anchal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799309473","display_name":"Liaquat National Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01xytvd82","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799309473"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fnu Anchal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799309473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135639078","display_name":"Mohit Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116002781","display_name":"FNU Chandni","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259367","display_name":"People's University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women","ror":"https://ror.org/024m1xa82","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259367"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fnu Chandni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, affiliated with People\u2019s University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, affiliated with People\u2019s University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146976948","display_name":"Fnu Pritee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259367","display_name":"People's University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women","ror":"https://ror.org/024m1xa82","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259367"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fnu Pritee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, affiliated with People\u2019s University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, affiliated with People\u2019s University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071485395","display_name":"Sakshi Kukreja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9424-270X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9424-270X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259367","display_name":"People's University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women","ror":"https://ror.org/024m1xa82","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259367"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakshi Kukreja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, affiliated with People\u2019s University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, affiliated with People\u2019s University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128076146","display_name":"Anusha Bai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802220407","display_name":"Chandka Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/034dczg46","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802220407"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131820683","display_name":"Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nw0tx25","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131820683"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anusha Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Chandka Medical College, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University (SMBBMU), Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Chandka Medical College, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University (SMBBMU), Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802220407","https://openalex.org/I3131820683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148747908","display_name":"Aqsa Fatima","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39727005","display_name":"Dow University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01h85hm56","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39727005"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aqsa Fatima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39727005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119518345","display_name":"Mahir Tesfaye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7324-5121","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7324-5121"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahir Tesfaye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119518345","https://openalex.org/A5148747908"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39727005","https://openalex.org/I4537092"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"88","issue":"8","first_page":"4895","last_page":"4904"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11930","display_name":"Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11930","display_name":"Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12174","display_name":"Hospital Admissions and Outcomes","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2911","display_name":"Leadership and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-complications","display_name":"surgical complications","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postoperative-mortality","display_name":"postoperative mortality","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preventable-mortality","display_name":"preventable deaths","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-trends","display_name":"mortality trends","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-disparities","display_name":"demographic disparities","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-disparities","display_name":"geographic disparities","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.7160000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.7032999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777683767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708653","display_name":"Death certificate","level":4,"score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31174226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64855140","display_name":"Perioperative","level":2,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29374701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931388","display_name":"Cause of death","level":3,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020641676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2065556","display_name":"Pacific islanders","level":3,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61470247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7229825","display_name":"Population study","level":3,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7336293","display_name":"Risk of mortality","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226177","display_name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","issn_l":"2049-0801","issn":["2049-0801"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Medicine &amp; Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13461080","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13461080/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13461080/pdf/ms9-88-4895.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42583630","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42583630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000005328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226177","display_name":"Annals of Medicine and Surgery","issn_l":"2049-0801","issn":["2049-0801"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Medicine &amp; Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202264307.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202264307.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043861297","https://openalex.org/W2122628094","https://openalex.org/W2151080501","https://openalex.org/W2782983575","https://openalex.org/W2998230683","https://openalex.org/W3089182772","https://openalex.org/W3138383535","https://openalex.org/W4283836678","https://openalex.org/W4362716238","https://openalex.org/W4387141197","https://openalex.org/W4390823799","https://openalex.org/W4391886653","https://openalex.org/W4392515871","https://openalex.org/W4393346152","https://openalex.org/W4397014698","https://openalex.org/W4403042006","https://openalex.org/W4410594697","https://openalex.org/W4413183994"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214958477","https://openalex.org/W7123513706","https://openalex.org/W4389730640","https://openalex.org/W7221916578","https://openalex.org/W7201886629","https://openalex.org/W4415791491","https://openalex.org/W4406071716","https://openalex.org/W4412727289","https://openalex.org/W7171169149","https://openalex.org/W7197021672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Complications":[1],"of":[2,46,56,67,127,135,241],"surgical":[3,19,31,68,136,242],"operations":[4,69,137,243],"remain":[5,33],"an":[6],"important":[7],"contributor":[8],"to":[9,65,100,133,157,168,180,271,276],"preventable":[10],"mortality,":[11],"despite":[12],"advances":[13],"in":[14,155,159,170,182,226,230,244],"perioperative":[15],"care,":[16],"anesthesia,":[17],"and":[18,26,61,122,177,204,229,233,253,256,261,279],"safety.":[20],"However,":[21],"long-term":[22],"national":[23],"mortality":[24,48,77,193,212],"trends":[25,93],"demographic":[27,255],"disparities":[28,258],"associated":[29,238],"with":[30,106,239],"complications":[32,66,134,240],"poorly":[34],"characterized":[35],"at":[36],"the":[37,51,87,139,210,221,245,273],"population":[38,83],"level.":[39],"Methods:":[40],"We":[41],"conducted":[42],"a":[43],"retrospective":[44],"analysis":[45,99],"U.S.":[47,89],"data":[49],"from":[50,153],"CDC":[52],"WONDER":[53],"Multiple":[54],"Cause":[55],"Death":[57],"database":[58],"between":[59,259],"1999":[60,156,260],"2024.":[62,262],"Deaths":[63],"attributed":[64,132],"were":[70,84,94,113,131],"identified":[71],"using":[72,86,96,265],"ICD-10":[73],"Y83":[74],"codes.":[75],"Age-adjusted":[76],"rates":[78],"(AAMRs)":[79],"per":[80,199],"100":[81,200],"000":[82],"calculated":[85],"2000":[88],"standard":[90],"population.":[91],"Temporal":[92],"evaluated":[95],"Joinpoint":[97],"regression":[98],"estimate":[101],"annual":[102],"percentage":[103],"changes":[104],"(APCs)":[105],"95%":[107],"confidence":[108],"intervals":[109],"(CIs).":[110],"Mortality":[111,150,223,237],"patterns":[112,278],"stratified":[114],"by":[115],"sex,":[116],"race/ethnicity,":[117],"census":[118],"region,":[119],"urbanization":[120],"status,":[121],"state.":[123],"Results:":[124],"A":[125],"total":[126],"470":[128],"098":[129],"deaths":[130],"during":[138],"study":[140],"period.":[141],"The":[142],"overall":[143],"AAMR":[144],"was":[145,224],"5.3":[146],"(95%":[147],"CI:":[148],"5.2\u20135.4).":[149],"declined":[151,179],"significantly":[152],"8.1":[154],"3.4":[158],"2015":[160],"(APC:":[161,172,184],"\u22125.56,":[162],"P":[163,174,186],"<":[164,175,187],"0.000001),":[165,176],"increased":[166],"sharply":[167],"7.9":[169],"2021":[171],"16.20,":[173],"subsequently":[178],"3.2":[181],"2024":[183],"\u221231.85,":[185],"0.000001).":[188],"Men":[189],"demonstrated":[190,249],"consistently":[191],"higher":[192,225],"than":[194],"women":[195],"(6.7":[196],"vs.":[197],"4.3":[198],"000).":[201],"Non-Hispanic":[202],"Black":[203],"American":[205],"Indian/Alaska":[206],"Native":[207],"populations":[208,219],"had":[209,220],"highest":[211],"rates,":[213],"whereas":[214],"Asian":[215],"or":[216],"Pacific":[217],"Islander":[218],"lowest.":[222],"non-metropolitan":[227],"areas":[228],"several":[231],"Southern":[232],"Midwestern":[234],"states.":[235],"Conclusion:":[236],"United":[246],"States":[247],"has":[248],"substantial":[250],"temporal":[251],"variation":[252],"persistent":[254],"geographic":[257],"Further":[263],"studies":[264],"patient-level":[266],"clinical":[267],"datasets":[268],"are":[269],"needed":[270],"clarify":[272],"underlying":[274],"contributors":[275],"these":[277],"identify":[280],"potential":[281],"targets":[282],"for":[283],"intervention.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}