{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202263907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278","title":"Untangling Trust, Transparency, and Uncertainty in AI Literature and Policy","display_name":"Untangling Trust, Transparency, and Uncertainty in AI Literature and Policy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202263907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AIES/article/download/43278/50838","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407048695","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society","issn_l":"3065-8365","issn":["3065-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AIES/article/download/43278/50838","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087707171","display_name":"Kai Nylund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3956-7890","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3956-7890"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Nylund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116053808","display_name":"Shani Claire Spivak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7519-6584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7519-6584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shani Spivak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062817658","display_name":"Dakuo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-9441","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-9441"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dakuo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029417016","display_name":"Lace Padilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-5279","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-5279"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lace Padilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53805216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"1920","last_page":"1936"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.1858000010251999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-in-ai","display_name":"trust in AI","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-transparency","display_name":"AI transparency","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-awareness","display_name":"uncertainty awareness","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/responsible-machine-learning","display_name":"responsible machine learning","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-policy","display_name":"AI policy","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-standards","display_name":"technical standards","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-definitions","display_name":"conceptual definitions","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-computer-interaction","display_name":"human-computer interaction","score":0.6389999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.8242999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.6554999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72161134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421219","display_name":"Expert elicitation","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776960227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2586354","display_name":"Knowledge transfer","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AIES/article/download/43278/50838","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407048695","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society","issn_l":"3065-8365","issn":["3065-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.aaai.org:article/43278","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AIES/article/view/43278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400155","display_name":"AAAI Publications (The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801652627","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801652627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3065-8365","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21909171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21909171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21909171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ConferencePaper"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21909172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21909172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21909172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aies.v9i3.43278","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AIES/article/download/43278/50838","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407048695","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society","issn_l":"3065-8365","issn":["3065-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1494735073","display_name":"CAREER: Resolving Uncertainty Visualization Reasoning Errors with Mental Model Design and Training","funder_award_id":"2428149","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5770373782","display_name":"The CSGrad4US Fellowship Program","funder_award_id":"2313998","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202263907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202263907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W3034720383","https://openalex.org/W3097173730","https://openalex.org/W3098251333","https://openalex.org/W6910633587"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7153970138","https://openalex.org/W4289597853","https://openalex.org/W4288068923","https://openalex.org/W3183398589","https://openalex.org/W7203772704","https://openalex.org/W4404034812","https://openalex.org/W7136754616","https://openalex.org/W4404866590","https://openalex.org/W3042525738","https://openalex.org/W3198965420"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trust,":[0],"transparency,":[1,84,126],"and":[2,11,19,25,40,52,65,68,77,85,98,104,127,133,155],"uncertainty-awareness":[3],"are":[4,38,87,107,129],"widely":[5],"cited":[6],"as":[7],"prerequisites":[8],"for":[9],"responsible":[10],"accountable":[12],"machine":[13],"learning":[14],"(ML),":[15],"yet":[16],"their":[17,78],"meanings":[18],"relationships":[20,118],"remain":[21],"inconsistent":[22],"across":[23,43],"research":[24,57],"policy.":[26],"We":[27,80],"present":[28],"the":[29,94,117],"first":[30],"systematic":[31],"review":[32],"to":[33,149,161],"examine":[34],"how":[35,135,151],"these":[36],"concepts":[37],"defined":[39,89],"operationalized":[41],"together":[42],"ML":[44,157],"research,":[45],"human\u2013computer":[46],"interaction,":[47],"applied":[48],"domains,":[49],"AI":[50,62],"policy,":[51],"technical":[53],"standards.":[54],"Analyzing":[55],"118":[56],"papers,":[58],"eight":[59],"surveys":[60],"of":[61,96],"policy":[63,103],"documents,":[64],"multiple":[66],"national":[67],"international":[69],"standards,":[70,105],"we":[71,122,146,152],"synthesize":[72],"discussions":[73],"on":[74,143],"each":[75,120,162],"concept":[76],"relationships.":[79],"find":[81],"that":[82,124],"trust,":[83,125],"uncertainty":[86,128],"rarely":[88],"explicitly":[90],"in":[91,131,159],"literature,":[92],"limiting":[93],"transfer":[95],"meaning":[97],"findings":[99],"between":[100,119],"studies.":[101],"In":[102],"definitions":[106],"frequently":[108],"circular":[109],"or":[110],"conflicting,":[111],"creating":[112],"ambiguous":[113],"compliance":[114],"expectations.":[115],"Untangling":[116],"concept,":[121],"argue":[123],"co-produced":[130],"ML,":[132],"show":[134],"this":[136],"framing":[137],"can":[138],"improve":[139,150],"conceptual":[140],"clarity.":[141],"Based":[142],"our":[144],"findings,":[145],"provide":[147],"recommendations":[148],"conceptualize,":[153],"study,":[154],"implement":[156],"systems":[158],"regard":[160],"concept.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}