{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202263649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4","title":"Lifelong Learning and Income Inequality: Panel Evidence from 30 Countries","display_name":"Lifelong Learning and Income Inequality: Panel Evidence from 30 Countries","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202263649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60370010","display_name":"Journal of the Knowledge Economy","issn_l":"1868-7865","issn":["1868-7865","1868-7873"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Knowledge Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002442346","display_name":"Christos Chrysanthakopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8509-5747","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8509-5747"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801439107","display_name":"Centre for Planning and Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/057pnws69","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801439107"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christos Chrysanthakopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Planning and Economic Research, Athens, Greece","Department of Economics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8509-5747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Planning and Economic Research, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801439107"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061903712","display_name":"Ioanna Konstantakopoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4810-5779","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4810-5779"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801439107","display_name":"Centre for Planning and Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/057pnws69","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801439107"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ioanna Konstantakopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Planning and Economic Research, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4810-5779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Planning and Economic Research, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801439107"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068188080","display_name":"Panagiotis E. Petrakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1487-9418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1487-9418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801439107","display_name":"Centre for Planning and Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/057pnws69","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801439107"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis E. Petrakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Planning and Economic Research, Athens, Greece","Department of Economics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1487-9418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Planning and Economic Research, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801439107"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002442346","https://openalex.org/A5061903712","https://openalex.org/A5068188080"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644","https://openalex.org/I200777214","https://openalex.org/I2801439107"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"fwci":4.3524,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88658645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"6","first_page":"16107","last_page":"16127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.7432000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.7432000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.1088000014424324,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.04259999841451645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lifelong-learning","display_name":"lifelong learning","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gini-coefficient","display_name":"Gini coefficient","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-requirements","display_name":"skill requirements","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market-restructuring","display_name":"labor market restructuring","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-skilled-workers","display_name":"low-skilled workers","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy","display_name":"education policy","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.6100000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108771440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368475","display_name":"Lifelong learning","level":2,"score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.6256999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5776000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.4713999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45237549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376796","display_name":"Restructuring","level":2,"score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4406000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779206190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162455","display_name":"Gini coefficient","level":4,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7663992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259783","display_name":"Economic restructuring","level":2,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55527203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334194","display_name":"Spillover effect","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142077812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175850","display_name":"Standard of living","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60370010","display_name":"Journal of the Knowledge Economy","issn_l":"1868-7865","issn":["1868-7865","1868-7873"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Knowledge Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13132-026-03434-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60370010","display_name":"Journal of the Knowledge Economy","issn_l":"1868-7865","issn":["1868-7865","1868-7873"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Knowledge Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":1.0,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871,"display_name":"No poverty"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.833299994468689,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7567999958992004,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318628","display_name":"Hellenic Academic Libraries Link","ror":"https://ror.org/01wbw2607"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323149","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202263649.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202263649.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480274481","https://openalex.org/W1514242256","https://openalex.org/W1560221323","https://openalex.org/W1596790722","https://openalex.org/W1805206376","https://openalex.org/W1814576880","https://openalex.org/W1991128340","https://openalex.org/W1997978782","https://openalex.org/W2006061353","https://openalex.org/W2009353208","https://openalex.org/W2017315565","https://openalex.org/W2025339885","https://openalex.org/W2032237427","https://openalex.org/W2048593579","https://openalex.org/W2049431999","https://openalex.org/W2059355472","https://openalex.org/W2062290782","https://openalex.org/W2064051619","https://openalex.org/W2086428056","https://openalex.org/W2086467343","https://openalex.org/W2086911171","https://openalex.org/W2107497267","https://openalex.org/W2107729441","https://openalex.org/W2122216841","https://openalex.org/W2124134613","https://openalex.org/W2125364004","https://openalex.org/W2126488476","https://openalex.org/W2129385606","https://openalex.org/W2135860498","https://openalex.org/W2142176664","https://openalex.org/W2142563624","https://openalex.org/W2147322925","https://openalex.org/W2157100385","https://openalex.org/W2165547638","https://openalex.org/W2169223645","https://openalex.org/W2234274203","https://openalex.org/W2527241467","https://openalex.org/W2787014276","https://openalex.org/W2913368593","https://openalex.org/W2922484708","https://openalex.org/W2946232698","https://openalex.org/W2948468622","https://openalex.org/W2967881857","https://openalex.org/W3110334798","https://openalex.org/W3122220848","https://openalex.org/W3122395173","https://openalex.org/W3122953781","https://openalex.org/W3123555015","https://openalex.org/W3124124240","https://openalex.org/W3124634111","https://openalex.org/W3174318537","https://openalex.org/W4205114084","https://openalex.org/W4206345988","https://openalex.org/W4243028178","https://openalex.org/W4316096488","https://openalex.org/W4396688167","https://openalex.org/W4400237563","https://openalex.org/W4401405116","https://openalex.org/W4403869592","https://openalex.org/W4406203673","https://openalex.org/W4408151232","https://openalex.org/W4408163131","https://openalex.org/W4408731350","https://openalex.org/W4410361428","https://openalex.org/W4414591192","https://openalex.org/W7117725242","https://openalex.org/W7119528896"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1768049540","https://openalex.org/W2790732124","https://openalex.org/W7009414470","https://openalex.org/W4378903250","https://openalex.org/W2787014276","https://openalex.org/W7216421473","https://openalex.org/W2170738967","https://openalex.org/W3083210779","https://openalex.org/W3161396405","https://openalex.org/W2954705127"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recent":[1],"developments":[2],"in":[3,92,101,113,139,143],"technology":[4],"direct":[5],"us":[6],"to":[7,28,30,82,97,129],"a":[8,88,98,132],"rapid":[9],"restructuring":[10],"of":[11,23,73,105,122],"labor":[12],"market":[13],"skill":[14],"requirements,":[15],"which":[16],"situates":[17],"lifelong":[18,41,93,140],"learning":[19,42,94],"at":[20,50],"the":[21,37,51,58,71,102],"center":[22],"policies":[24],"whose":[25],"aim":[26],"is":[27,35,46,136],"respond":[29],"increasing":[31],"inequality.":[32],"Although":[33],"interest":[34],"growing,":[36],"macroeconomic":[38],"association":[39],"between":[40],"and":[43,117,147],"income":[44],"inequality":[45,131],"still":[47],"largely":[48],"unexplored":[49],"cross-country":[52],"level.":[53],"The":[54,108,125],"present":[55],"paper":[56],"presents":[57],"necessary":[59],"evidence":[60],"regarding":[61],"this":[62],"relationship":[63],"through":[64],"panel":[65,76],"data":[66],"for":[67,148],"30":[68],"countries":[69,116],"covering":[70],"period":[72],"2004\u20132022.":[74],"Using":[75],"local":[77],"projections":[78],"with":[79,119],"instrumental":[80],"variables,":[81],"address":[83],"endogeneity,":[84],"we":[85],"discovered":[86],"that":[87,128],"1":[89],"p.p.":[90],"increase":[91],"participation":[95],"led":[96],"progressive":[99],"reduction":[100],"Gini":[103],"coefficient":[104],"0.26":[106],"points.":[107],"effects":[109],"are":[110],"more":[111],"pronounced":[112],"both":[114],"periphery":[115],"individuals":[118],"lower":[120],"levels":[121],"formal":[123],"education.":[124],"findings":[126],"indicate":[127],"reduce":[130],"successful":[133],"policy":[134],"instrument":[135],"focused":[137],"investment":[138],"learning,":[141],"particularly":[142],"less":[144],"developed":[145],"economies":[146],"low-skilled":[149],"workers.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}