{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202262483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/pd5d-sddp","title":"Optimization of Si / Si -Ge heterostructures for large and robust valley splitting in silicon qubits","display_name":"Optimization of Si / Si -Ge heterostructures for large and robust valley splitting in silicon qubits","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202262483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/pd5d-sddp"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/pd5d-sddp","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/pd5d-sddp","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/pd5d-sddp","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764453006","display_name":"Physical Review Applied","issn_l":"2331-7019","issn":["2331-7019","2331-7043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Applied","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.18064","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146953719","display_name":"Anonymous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1102-8493","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1102-8493","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3438-5901","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6003-8372","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4110-8817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092021","display_name":"Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics","ror":"https://ror.org/00h1x4t21","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210092021"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abel Thayil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3438-5901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115728999","display_name":"Lasse Ermoneit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0329-0164","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0329-0164"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092021","display_name":"Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics","ror":"https://ror.org/00h1x4t21","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210092021"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lasse Ermoneit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0329-0164","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084314813","display_name":"Lars R. Schreiber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-9612","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-9612"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars R. Schreiber","raw_affiliation_strings":["ARQUE Systems GmbH","Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","RWTH Aachen University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-9612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ARQUE Systems GmbH","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075346547","display_name":"Thomas Koprucki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6235-9412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6235-9412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092021","display_name":"Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics","ror":"https://ror.org/00h1x4t21","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210092021"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Koprucki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6235-9412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092021"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061433878","display_name":"Markus Kantner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-3135","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-3135"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092021","display_name":"Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics","ror":"https://ror.org/00h1x4t21","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210092021"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Kantner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-3135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092021"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56443776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.03849999979138374,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/si-sige-heterostructures","display_name":"Si/SiGe heterostructures","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valley-splitting","display_name":"valley splitting","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-qubits","display_name":"silicon qubits","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-dot-qubits","display_name":"quantum dot qubits","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valley-degeneracy-lifting","display_name":"valley degeneracy lifting","score":0.49900001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.71670001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6365000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79794668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616270","display_name":"Heterojunction","level":2,"score":0.5760999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.5091999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124657808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133068","display_name":"Quantum dot","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/pd5d-sddp","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/pd5d-sddp","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/pd5d-sddp","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764453006","display_name":"Physical Review Applied","issn_l":"2331-7019","issn":["2331-7019","2331-7043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Applied","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2512.18064","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.18064","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.18064","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.18064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.18064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.18064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2512.18064","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.18064","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.18064","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1372115314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EXC-2046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2033548659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EXC\u20102046/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5853193109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EXC\u20102046/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330291","funder_display_name":"Berlin Mathematics Research Center MATH+"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G743358325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2046/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7725451807","display_name":"EXC 2046: MATH+: Berlin Mathematics Research Center","funder_award_id":"390685689","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7967295168","display_name":"EXC 2004: Materie und Licht f\u00fcr Quanteninformation (ML4Q)","funder_award_id":"390534769","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330291","display_name":"Berlin Mathematics Research Center MATH+","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202262483.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202262483.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497316953","https://openalex.org/W1618646051","https://openalex.org/W1969775071","https://openalex.org/W1970354341","https://openalex.org/W1992687319","https://openalex.org/W1994350206","https://openalex.org/W1998025105","https://openalex.org/W2008968130","https://openalex.org/W2026801673","https://openalex.org/W2028986885","https://openalex.org/W2039092975","https://openalex.org/W2066282224","https://openalex.org/W2076343339","https://openalex.org/W2127686923","https://openalex.org/W2152120788","https://openalex.org/W2158692165","https://openalex.org/W2527981872","https://openalex.org/W2591036338","https://openalex.org/W2745278755","https://openalex.org/W2774683389","https://openalex.org/W2808404060","https://openalex.org/W3013190743","https://openalex.org/W3038475658","https://openalex.org/W3142931804","https://openalex.org/W3152550185","https://openalex.org/W3193190778","https://openalex.org/W3205974850","https://openalex.org/W3217600686","https://openalex.org/W4206313080","https://openalex.org/W4206801895","https://openalex.org/W4283068680","https://openalex.org/W4293004765","https://openalex.org/W4297473634","https://openalex.org/W4311749146","https://openalex.org/W4311823640","https://openalex.org/W4317436911","https://openalex.org/W4364378316","https://openalex.org/W4380590907","https://openalex.org/W4386465711","https://openalex.org/W4391778938","https://openalex.org/W4392762886","https://openalex.org/W4392812417","https://openalex.org/W4393235900","https://openalex.org/W4396544305","https://openalex.org/W4399212704","https://openalex.org/W4399537080","https://openalex.org/W4399597933","https://openalex.org/W4399803482","https://openalex.org/W4401331710","https://openalex.org/W4401588808","https://openalex.org/W4402440872","https://openalex.org/W4404165002","https://openalex.org/W4405784321","https://openalex.org/W4408129945","https://openalex.org/W4408648824","https://openalex.org/W4408710863","https://openalex.org/W4409177705","https://openalex.org/W4410314362","https://openalex.org/W4414085895","https://openalex.org/W4414969820","https://openalex.org/W4416770043","https://openalex.org/W4417174603","https://openalex.org/W4417232719","https://openalex.org/W4417267947","https://openalex.org/W7118169171","https://openalex.org/W7129080488","https://openalex.org/W7162033339","https://openalex.org/W7169808805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415625098","https://openalex.org/W7168147120","https://openalex.org/W7153158515","https://openalex.org/W4386465711","https://openalex.org/W4413111770","https://openalex.org/W7140076697","https://openalex.org/W7213430469","https://openalex.org/W3205974850","https://openalex.org/W4408129945","https://openalex.org/W1969775071"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Small":[0],"and":[1,22,124,135,180,213],"device-dependent":[2],"valley":[3,61,178,197],"splittings":[4],"remain":[5],"a":[6,85,157,172,181],"key":[7],"challenge":[8],"for":[9,133,210],"electron":[10],"spin":[11],"qubits":[12],"in":[13,63],"silicon":[14,215],"(Si),":[15],"directly":[16],"limiting":[17],"qubit":[18],"fidelity,":[19],"device":[20],"uniformity,":[21],"the":[23,41,53,57,80,101,120,149,166,177,196],"scalability":[24],"of":[25,40,100,119,148,176,184,195],"Si-based":[26],"quantum":[27,66],"processors.":[28],"In":[29,187],"silicon-germanium":[30],"(SiGe)":[31],"heterostructures,":[32],"this":[33,189],"problem":[34],"can":[35],"be":[36],"addressed":[37],"through":[38],"engineering":[39,211],"epitaxial":[42,122],"layer":[43],"stack.":[44],"Several":[45],"heuristic":[46],"strategies":[47],"have":[48],"been":[49],"proposed":[50,140],"to":[51,90,116,164,203],"enhance":[52,97],"energy":[54],"gap":[55],"between":[56],"two":[58],"nearly":[59],"degenerate":[60],"states":[62],"strained":[64],"Si/SiGe":[65,71],"wells":[67],"(QWs),":[68],"e.g.,":[69],"sharp":[70],"interfaces,":[72],"Ge":[73,77,93],"spikes,":[74],"or":[75],"oscillating":[76],"concentrations":[78],"within":[79],"QW.":[81],"Here,":[82],"we":[83,162],"develop":[84],"systematic":[86],"variational":[87],"optimization":[88,108,151],"approach":[89],"compute":[91],"optimal":[92],"concentration":[94],"profiles":[95,123],"that":[96],"selected":[98],"properties":[99],"intervalley":[102],"coupling":[103],"matrix":[104],"element.":[105],"Our":[106,153],"free-shape":[107],"framework":[109],"is":[110,125,156],"augmented":[111],"by":[112],"realistic":[113],"technological":[114],"constraints":[115],"ensure":[117],"feasibility":[118],"resulting":[121],"based":[126],"on":[127],"an":[128],"effective-mass":[129],"envelope-function":[130],"theory":[131],"accounting":[132],"strain":[134],"compositional":[136],"alloy":[137],"disorder.":[138],"Previously":[139],"heterostructure":[141,159],"designs":[142],"are":[143],"recovered":[144],"as":[145,165],"special":[146],"cases":[147],"constrained":[150],"problem.":[152],"main":[154],"result":[155],"novel":[158],"design,":[160],"which":[161],"refer":[163],"\"modulated":[167],"wiggle":[168],"well\",":[169],"providing":[170],"both":[171],"large":[173],"deterministic":[174],"enhancement":[175],"splitting":[179,198],"strong":[182],"suppression":[183],"disorder-induced":[185],"variability.":[186],"addition,":[188],"design":[190],"enables":[191],"wide":[192],"electrical":[193],"tunability":[194],"-":[199,206],"from":[200],"approximately":[201],"$200\\,\u03bc\\text{eV}$":[202],"above":[204],"$1\\,\\text{meV}$":[205],"offering":[207],"new":[208],"opportunities":[209],"robust":[212],"switchable":[214],"qubits.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}