{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202211062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04","title":"Development and Integration of a Classification Model for Student Programming Anxiety Levels","display_name":"Development and Integration of a Classification Model for Student Programming Anxiety Levels","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202211062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04","pdf_url":"https://www.mecs-press.org/ijisa/ijisa-v18-n4/IJISA-V18-N4-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172733","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2074-904X","issn":["2074-904X","2074-9058"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.mecs-press.org/ijisa/ijisa-v18-n4/IJISA-V18-N4-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117235790","display_name":"Eduardo R. Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5050-5805","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5050-5805"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129305164","display_name":"La Consolacion University Philippines","ror":"https://ror.org/009sv4j63","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo R. Yu II","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141012926","display_name":"Elmerito D. Pineda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129305164","display_name":"La Consolacion University Philippines","ror":"https://ror.org/009sv4j63","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elmerito D. Pineda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106703499","display_name":"Isagani Mirador Tano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0042-6668","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0042-6668"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129305164","display_name":"La Consolacion University Philippines","ror":"https://ror.org/009sv4j63","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isagani M. Tano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001397676","display_name":"Ace Carpio Lagman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2848-8364","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2848-8364"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129305164","display_name":"La Consolacion University Philippines","ror":"https://ror.org/009sv4j63","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ace C. Lagman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056826715","display_name":"Jayson M. Victoriano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6016-4264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6016-4264"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129305164","display_name":"La Consolacion University Philippines","ror":"https://ror.org/009sv4j63","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayson M. Victoriano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116301920","display_name":"Jonilo C. Mababa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129305164","display_name":"La Consolacion University Philippines","ror":"https://ror.org/009sv4j63","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonilo C. Mababa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084993821","display_name":"Jaime P. Pulumbarit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6707-175X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6707-175X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129305164","display_name":"La Consolacion University Philippines","ror":"https://ror.org/009sv4j63","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaime P. Pulumbarit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Studies Department, La Consolacion University Philippines, City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129305164"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"57","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.019300000742077827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13373","display_name":"Data Mining and Machine Learning Applications","score":0.014600000344216824,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-mental-health","display_name":"student mental health","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computing-students","display_name":"computing students","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-information-system","display_name":"student information system","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-intervention","display_name":"early intervention","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.5960000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.734499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6032000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5113000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52003472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022655","display_name":"C4.5 algorithm","level":4,"score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777598771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341279","display_name":"Educational data mining","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207201462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04","pdf_url":"https://www.mecs-press.org/ijisa/ijisa-v18-n4/IJISA-V18-N4-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172733","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2074-904X","issn":["2074-904X","2074-9058"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2026.04.04","pdf_url":"https://www.mecs-press.org/ijisa/ijisa-v18-n4/IJISA-V18-N4-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172733","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2074-904X","issn":["2074-904X","2074-9058"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.75},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202211062.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202211062.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103779859","https://openalex.org/W2581497928","https://openalex.org/W2737280991","https://openalex.org/W2904507906","https://openalex.org/W3010891636","https://openalex.org/W3016847450","https://openalex.org/W3034126796","https://openalex.org/W3121236348","https://openalex.org/W3121633856","https://openalex.org/W3153225935","https://openalex.org/W4200556017","https://openalex.org/W4206268171","https://openalex.org/W4225281101","https://openalex.org/W4282944802","https://openalex.org/W4287888035","https://openalex.org/W4361215133","https://openalex.org/W4383737323","https://openalex.org/W4383744784","https://openalex.org/W4387469184","https://openalex.org/W4388194850","https://openalex.org/W4388534002","https://openalex.org/W4392644260","https://openalex.org/W4396558738","https://openalex.org/W4402364931"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412885654","https://openalex.org/W7220100488","https://openalex.org/W4411737753","https://openalex.org/W7133306252","https://openalex.org/W4411160499","https://openalex.org/W4409642176","https://openalex.org/W4396941221","https://openalex.org/W4413980344","https://openalex.org/W7160957783","https://openalex.org/W4408254308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reducing":[0],"student":[1,61,172],"anxiety":[2,45],"is":[3,209],"a":[4,20,36,112,133,170],"critical":[5],"factor":[6],"in":[7,66,183],"enhancing":[8],"academic":[9],"performance,":[10,95],"with":[11,96,132],"timely":[12],"identification":[13],"of":[14,23,35,99,103,106,109,115,138,145,151,159],"mental":[15],"health":[16],"concerns":[17],"serving":[18],"as":[19],"key":[21],"component":[22],"effective":[24],"educational":[25],"support":[26],"strategies.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"presents":[30],"the":[31,129,165,192],"development":[32],"and":[33,51,58,69,85,111,122,153,179],"integration":[34],"classification":[37],"model":[38,55,166,193],"designed":[39],"to":[40,211],"detect":[41],"students\u2019":[42],"current":[43,201],"programming":[44,202],"levels":[46],"based":[47],"on":[48],"academic,":[49],"demographic,":[50],"behavioral":[52],"attributes.":[53],"The":[54,89],"was":[56,72,167],"trained":[57],"evaluated":[59],"using":[60],"data":[62,208],"collected":[63],"from":[64],"enrolled":[65],"computing-related":[67],"programs,":[68],"its":[70],"performance":[71],"benchmarked":[73],"against":[74],"Support":[75,90],"Vector":[76,91],"Machine,":[77],"Logistic":[78],"Regression,":[79],"Random":[80],"Forest,":[81],"J48":[82],"Decision":[83],"Tree,":[84],"Naive":[86],"Bayes":[87],"classifiers.":[88],"Machine":[92],"achieved":[93],"excellent":[94],"an":[97,101],"F-measure":[98],"95.97%,":[100],"accuracy":[102],"97.11%,":[104],"precision":[105],"94.20%,":[107],"recall":[108],"97.86%,":[110],"Cohen\u2019s":[113],"kappa":[114],"0.937,":[116],"indicating":[117],"strong":[118],"agreement":[119],"between":[120],"predicted":[121],"actual":[123],"classifications.":[124],"Error-based":[125],"metrics":[126],"further":[127],"supported":[128],"model\u2019s":[130],"reliability,":[131],"Mean":[134,141],"Absolute":[135,148],"Error":[136,143,149,157],"(MAE)":[137],"0.0289,":[139],"Root":[140,154],"Squared":[142,156],"(RMSE)":[144],"0.1641,":[146],"Relative":[147,155],"(RAE)":[150],"0.04%,":[152],"(RRSE)":[158],"34.40%.":[160],"To":[161],"enhance":[162],"practical":[163],"utility,":[164],"integrated":[168],"into":[169],"web-based":[171],"information":[173],"system":[174],"that":[175],"generates":[176],"real-time":[177],"classifications":[178],"visualizations,":[180],"supporting":[181],"educators":[182],"recognizing":[184],"students":[185,199],"who":[186],"may":[187],"require":[188],"additional":[189],"support.":[190],"While":[191],"provides":[194],"valuable":[195],"insights":[196],"for":[197,216],"identifying":[198],"exhibiting":[200],"anxiety,":[203],"future":[204],"work":[205],"incorporating":[206],"longitudinal":[207],"needed":[210],"enable":[212],"true":[213],"predictive":[214],"capabilities":[215],"early":[217],"intervention.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-12T00:00:00"}