{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202201384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","title":"Structure-property insights into CO32--crosslinked chitosan hydrogel membranes: Facile synthesis via gradient crosslinking of quasi-solid electrolytes for electric double layer capacitors with remarkable cycle lives","display_name":"Structure-property insights into CO32--crosslinked chitosan hydrogel membranes: Facile synthesis via gradient crosslinking of quasi-solid electrolytes for electric double layer capacitors with remarkable cycle lives","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202201384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177147899","display_name":"Journal of Power Sources","issn_l":"0378-7753","issn":["0378-7753","1873-2755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Power Sources","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115460803","display_name":"Dipankar Hazarika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5182-4321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5182-4321"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61198380","display_name":"Nagaland University","ror":"https://ror.org/05n97pt16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dipankar Hazarika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5182-4321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119647930","display_name":"Marjo A. Kichu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61198380","display_name":"Nagaland University","ror":"https://ror.org/05n97pt16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marjo A. Kichu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115498276","display_name":"Nuphizo Shijoh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61198380","display_name":"Nagaland University","ror":"https://ror.org/05n97pt16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuphizo Shijoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094137715","display_name":"Duangailung Kamei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1530-9393","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1530-9393"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61198380","display_name":"Nagaland University","ror":"https://ror.org/05n97pt16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duangailung Kamei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069562802","display_name":"Nurul Alam Choudhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3731-4404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3731-4404"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61198380","display_name":"Nagaland University","ror":"https://ror.org/05n97pt16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nurul Alam Choudhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3731-4404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069562802"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"],"apc_list":{"value":4230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4230},"apc_paid":{"value":4230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4230},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47692816,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"693","issue":null,"first_page":"241152","last_page":"241152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10179","display_name":"Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication","score":0.5996000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10179","display_name":"Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication","score":0.5996000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10281","display_name":"Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies","score":0.32010000944137573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11690","display_name":"Advanced battery technologies research","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quasi-solid-state-electrolyte","display_name":"quasi-solid-state electrolyte","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-double-layer-capacitors","display_name":"electric double-layer capacitors","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercapacitors","display_name":"supercapacitors","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cycle-life","display_name":"cycle life","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structure-property-relationships","display_name":"structure-property relationships","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogel-electrolyte","display_name":"hydrogel electrolyte","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68801617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162908","display_name":"Electrolyte","level":3,"score":0.661300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779402669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754523","display_name":"Electric double-layer capacitor","level":4,"score":0.6254000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.6172000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5935999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779732960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408510","display_name":"Chitosan","level":2,"score":0.5777000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300055","display_name":"Double layer (biology)","level":3,"score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6585489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754523","display_name":"Supercapacitor","level":4,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79100374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326992","display_name":"Electrolytic capacitor","level":4,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6432897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145796","display_name":"Film capacitor","level":4,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177147899","display_name":"Journal of Power Sources","issn_l":"0378-7753","issn":["0378-7753","1873-2755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Power Sources","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.241152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177147899","display_name":"Journal of Power Sources","issn_l":"0378-7753","issn":["0378-7753","1873-2755"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Power Sources","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1201171757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Start-up project for the young faculty, F. No. NU / RDC /SUPYF/PF-17/2024-2983","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F1301282943","funder_display_name":"Nagaland University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1521750362","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRG , EMR/2017/005363","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4505710190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Start-up Grant (No.F.30-362/2017( BSR ))","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320767","funder_display_name":"University Grants Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F1301282943","display_name":"Nagaland University","ror":"https://ror.org/05n97pt16"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","ror":"https://ror.org/0101xrq71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320767","display_name":"University Grants Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/04p800546"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffdsr55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1828903257","https://openalex.org/W1964092248","https://openalex.org/W1974575474","https://openalex.org/W1981450639","https://openalex.org/W1984994615","https://openalex.org/W1988236908","https://openalex.org/W1989295760","https://openalex.org/W1989495966","https://openalex.org/W1992391105","https://openalex.org/W1996408438","https://openalex.org/W2004101776","https://openalex.org/W2011642588","https://openalex.org/W2020830103","https://openalex.org/W2029532349","https://openalex.org/W2032100925","https://openalex.org/W2033401519","https://openalex.org/W2035937543","https://openalex.org/W2039659051","https://openalex.org/W2042567183","https://openalex.org/W2051180458","https://openalex.org/W2056420048","https://openalex.org/W2060824835","https://openalex.org/W2074710291","https://openalex.org/W2078138961","https://openalex.org/W2082560877","https://openalex.org/W2084366442","https://openalex.org/W2085332871","https://openalex.org/W2172021605","https://openalex.org/W2409783157","https://openalex.org/W2558046249","https://openalex.org/W2560304462","https://openalex.org/W2603893078","https://openalex.org/W2765356466","https://openalex.org/W2766672611","https://openalex.org/W2786816297","https://openalex.org/W2889207815","https://openalex.org/W2895975758","https://openalex.org/W2898885772","https://openalex.org/W2899687845","https://openalex.org/W2945029479","https://openalex.org/W2949012294","https://openalex.org/W2960627699","https://openalex.org/W2970565007","https://openalex.org/W2972369262","https://openalex.org/W2985108501","https://openalex.org/W3001327916","https://openalex.org/W3006957045","https://openalex.org/W3007171070","https://openalex.org/W3016892697","https://openalex.org/W3027173962","https://openalex.org/W3030475013","https://openalex.org/W3038761176","https://openalex.org/W3042027927","https://openalex.org/W3047467721","https://openalex.org/W3068633964","https://openalex.org/W3080483799","https://openalex.org/W3082954565","https://openalex.org/W3092286451","https://openalex.org/W3099142110","https://openalex.org/W3111000367","https://openalex.org/W3112208374","https://openalex.org/W3122839985","https://openalex.org/W3127437765","https://openalex.org/W3159797713","https://openalex.org/W3180877875","https://openalex.org/W3193034884","https://openalex.org/W3207457245","https://openalex.org/W4211137059","https://openalex.org/W4220787051","https://openalex.org/W4223941487","https://openalex.org/W4280557933","https://openalex.org/W4281295620","https://openalex.org/W4281946845","https://openalex.org/W4292421441","https://openalex.org/W4311763872","https://openalex.org/W4312574055","https://openalex.org/W4323544162","https://openalex.org/W4367043276","https://openalex.org/W4381164910","https://openalex.org/W4385886916","https://openalex.org/W4386777467","https://openalex.org/W4387048536","https://openalex.org/W4387244485","https://openalex.org/W4388591364","https://openalex.org/W4390245619","https://openalex.org/W4391037706","https://openalex.org/W4394850997","https://openalex.org/W4396634085","https://openalex.org/W4402540436","https://openalex.org/W4402850689","https://openalex.org/W4404323509","https://openalex.org/W4404656192","https://openalex.org/W4405457465","https://openalex.org/W4406199649","https://openalex.org/W4409912025","https://openalex.org/W4411966728","https://openalex.org/W4412421474","https://openalex.org/W4414274133","https://openalex.org/W4414545425","https://openalex.org/W4416040724","https://openalex.org/W7083196656","https://openalex.org/W7102248199","https://openalex.org/W7128697220"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,46],"advancement":[1],"of":[2,32,37,48,63,100,107,113,121,143,151,170,181,210],"environmentally-benign,":[3],"quasi-solid":[4],"hydrogel":[5,219],"electrolytes":[6,221],"is":[7],"critical":[8],"for":[9,203,250],"developing":[10],"safe":[11],"and":[12,55,66,81,95,102,109,115,118,126,146,153,165,172,177,183,242],"scalable":[13,251],"electrochemical":[14,67,140,244],"energy":[15,253],"storage":[16,254],"systems.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19],"work,":[20],"Gradient":[21],"Crosslinked":[22],"Membrane":[23],"Electrolytes":[24],"(GCMEs)":[25],"have":[26],"been":[27,52],"synthesized":[28,222],"by":[29],"ionic":[30,76,119,148],"crosslinking":[31,50,77],"chitosan":[33],"with":[34,163,223],"varying":[35],"concentrations":[36],"sodium":[38],"carbonate":[39],"(Na":[40],"2":[41],"CO":[42],"3":[43],")":[44],"crosslinker.":[45],"degree":[47],"gradient":[49],"has":[51],"systematically":[53],"controlled":[54],"the":[56,75,227,233],"resulting":[57],"GCMEs":[58,234],"are":[59,214],"characterized":[60],"in":[61,92],"terms":[62],"structural,":[64],"physicochemical":[65],"properties.":[68],"Fourier":[69],"transform":[70],"infra-red":[71],"(FTIR)":[72],"analysis":[73],"confirms":[74],"via":[78],"characteristic":[79],"-OH":[80],"-NH":[82],"band":[83],"shifts,":[84],"while":[85],"X-ray":[86],"diffraction":[87],"(XRD)":[88],"reveals":[89],"semi-crystalline":[90],"morphology":[91],"GCME.":[93],"GCME-0.5M":[94,164],"GCME-3M":[96,166],"possess":[97],"tensile":[98],"strengths":[99],"41.22":[101],"44.34":[103],"MPa;":[104],"contact":[105],"angles":[106],"68.6\u00b0":[108],"75.1\u00b0;":[110],"water":[111],"uptake":[112],"112":[114],"79":[116],"%;":[117],"conductivities":[120],"5.41":[122],"\u00d7":[123,128],"10":[124,129],"\u22124":[125,130],"1.54":[127],"S":[131],"cm":[132,175,189],"\u22121":[133],",":[134,191],"respectively.":[135,155,192],"Both":[136],"membranes":[137,229],"exhibit":[138,230],"an":[139],"stability":[141],"window":[142],"0-2.1":[144],"V,":[145],"high":[147],"transference":[149],"number":[150],"0.983":[152],"0.969,":[154],"Electric":[156],"Double":[157],"Layer":[158],"Capacitor":[159],"(EDLC)":[160],"devices":[161],"fabricated":[162],"deliver":[167],"areal":[168],"capacitances":[169],"299.40":[171],"181":[173],"mF":[174],"\u22122":[176,190],"maintain":[178],"cycling":[179],"stabilities":[180],"57,000":[182],"26,000":[184],"cycles":[185],"at":[186,206],"1":[187],"mA":[188],"Best":[193],"performing":[194],"EDLCs":[195],"also":[196],"powers":[197],"a":[198,207],"Light":[199],"Emitting":[200],"Diode":[201],"(LED)":[202],"95":[204],"s":[205],"cell":[208],"voltage":[209],"1.87V.":[211],"These":[212],"results":[213],"benchmarked":[215],"against":[216],"isotropically":[217],"crosslinked":[218],"membrane":[220],"identical":[224],"constituents.":[225],"While":[226],"isotropic":[228],"higher":[231],"performances,":[232],"offer":[235],"facile":[236],"synthesis":[237],"route,":[238],"reduced":[239],"processing":[240],"time,":[241],"robust":[243],"performance,":[245],"making":[246],"them":[247],"promising":[248],"candidates":[249],"solid-state":[252],"applications.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-30T09:27:27.532063","created_date":"2026-08-12T00:00:00"}