{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202198736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274","title":"Pharmacogenomics and pharmacometabolomics of levetiracetam in personalized neurotoxicity risk assessment","display_name":"Pharmacogenomics and pharmacometabolomics of levetiracetam in personalized neurotoxicity risk assessment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202198736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274","pdf_url":"https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/download/1352/861","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764743062","display_name":"Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Conditions","issn_l":"2077-8333","issn":["2077-8333","2311-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126206","host_organization_name":"Irbis (Czechia)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126206"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/download/1352/861","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033552717","display_name":"Natalia Alekseevna Shnayder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2840-837X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2840-837X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799899041","display_name":"St.Petersburg V.M.Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/005e2bj09","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799899041"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090231","display_name":"Krasnoyarsk State Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00b0jb681","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090231"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. A. Shnayder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology","Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2840-837X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799899041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029725577","display_name":"\u0413\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8279-4198","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8279-4198"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799899041","display_name":"St.Petersburg V.M.Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/005e2bj09","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799899041"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. V. Bader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8279-4198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799899041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134742305","display_name":"N. I. Pekarets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5895-1778","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5895-1778","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5934-3449"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166198","display_name":"Irkutsk State Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwrn075","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166198"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. A. Pekarets","raw_affiliation_strings":["Irkutsk State Medical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5895-1778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Irkutsk State Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077527616","display_name":"Yu. N. Bykov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-5179","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-5179"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166198","display_name":"Irkutsk State Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwrn075","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166198"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu. N. Bykov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Irkutsk State Medical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-5179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Irkutsk State Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115975211","display_name":"Asiyat M. Shirukova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6045-3906","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6045-3906"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799899041","display_name":"St.Petersburg V.M.Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/005e2bj09","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799899041"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. M. Shirukova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6045-3906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799899041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019431916","display_name":"Regina Faritovna Nasyrova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-9434","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-9434"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799899041","display_name":"St.Petersburg V.M.Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/005e2bj09","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799899041"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74756048","display_name":"Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/000hzy098","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74756048"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. F. Nasyrova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology","Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-9434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799899041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74756048"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":15000,"currency":"RUB","value_usd":142},"apc_paid":{"value":15000,"currency":"RUB","value_usd":142},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"158","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.8335000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.8335000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10094","display_name":"Epilepsy research and treatment","score":0.1462000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11117","display_name":"Drug-Induced Adverse Reactions","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levetiracetam","display_name":"levetiracetam","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacogenomics","display_name":"pharmacogenomics","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacometabolomics","display_name":"pharmacometabolomics","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotoxicity","display_name":"neurotoxicity","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-drug-reactions","display_name":"adverse drug reactions","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synaptic-vesicle-glycoprotein-2a","display_name":"SV2A","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/p-glycoprotein","display_name":"P-glycoprotein","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carboxylesterase-1","display_name":"CES1","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kynurenine-pathway","display_name":"kynurenine pathway","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipidomics","display_name":"lipidomics","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redox-metabolism","display_name":"redox metabolism","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individualized-dosing","display_name":"individualized dosing","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/therapeutic-drug-monitoring","display_name":"therapeutic drug monitoring","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiepileptic-drugs","display_name":"antiepileptic drugs","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-biomarkers","display_name":"genetic biomarkers","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-biomarkers","display_name":"metabolic biomarkers","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170734499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152227","display_name":"Pharmacogenomics","level":2,"score":0.8884000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55775858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152227","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics","level":4,"score":0.6866999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777332695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417227","display_name":"Levetiracetam","level":3,"score":0.6703000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42251903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18391002","display_name":"Monoaminergic","level":4,"score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779491297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3338704","display_name":"Neurotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.6044999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.5906000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33664856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271142","display_name":"CYP2D6","level":4,"score":0.5202000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777496795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410069","display_name":"Piracetam","level":2,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776219046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162657","display_name":"Neurotransmitter","level":3,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993432071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45959","display_name":"Drug reaction","level":3,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910715078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162657","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Agents","level":4,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778186239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41571","display_name":"Epilepsy","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777846614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19904200","display_name":"Synthetic cannabinoids","level":4,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32220436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072214","display_name":"Personalized medicine","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274","pdf_url":"https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/download/1352/861","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764743062","display_name":"Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Conditions","issn_l":"2077-8333","issn":["2077-8333","2311-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126206","host_organization_name":"Irbis (Czechia)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126206"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2026.274","pdf_url":"https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/download/1352/861","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764743062","display_name":"Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Conditions","issn_l":"2077-8333","issn":["2077-8333","2311-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126206","host_organization_name":"Irbis (Czechia)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126206"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202198736.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202198736.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124719570","https://openalex.org/W1546048845","https://openalex.org/W1560809604","https://openalex.org/W1879610143","https://openalex.org/W1973747317","https://openalex.org/W1976575373","https://openalex.org/W1978042149","https://openalex.org/W1978408389","https://openalex.org/W1989054396","https://openalex.org/W1990562318","https://openalex.org/W1999926752","https://openalex.org/W2017231433","https://openalex.org/W2040953964","https://openalex.org/W2052712624","https://openalex.org/W2064097235","https://openalex.org/W2074921900","https://openalex.org/W2094925588","https://openalex.org/W2121899797","https://openalex.org/W2125025004","https://openalex.org/W2186052217","https://openalex.org/W2201607793","https://openalex.org/W2216800467","https://openalex.org/W2280058474","https://openalex.org/W2284268250","https://openalex.org/W2377725482","https://openalex.org/W2461967281","https://openalex.org/W2468320587","https://openalex.org/W2531145614","https://openalex.org/W2536269490","https://openalex.org/W2569621292","https://openalex.org/W2588710572","https://openalex.org/W2606262357","https://openalex.org/W2758386854","https://openalex.org/W2775454354","https://openalex.org/W2795293260","https://openalex.org/W2800488254","https://openalex.org/W2884158372","https://openalex.org/W2885322963","https://openalex.org/W2889512061","https://openalex.org/W2891797502","https://openalex.org/W2912781839","https://openalex.org/W2922074526","https://openalex.org/W2931230699","https://openalex.org/W2993293913","https://openalex.org/W2995348795","https://openalex.org/W2999907110","https://openalex.org/W3046941116","https://openalex.org/W3082999735","https://openalex.org/W3095400240","https://openalex.org/W3133016819","https://openalex.org/W3154553077","https://openalex.org/W3155658141","https://openalex.org/W4221080261","https://openalex.org/W4223993843","https://openalex.org/W4224261270","https://openalex.org/W4225948273","https://openalex.org/W4318677984","https://openalex.org/W4360604615","https://openalex.org/W4376126183","https://openalex.org/W4381851621","https://openalex.org/W4385494801","https://openalex.org/W4387867730","https://openalex.org/W4388921967","https://openalex.org/W4389209027","https://openalex.org/W4389547654","https://openalex.org/W4390497059","https://openalex.org/W4392131307","https://openalex.org/W4399136426","https://openalex.org/W4399140154","https://openalex.org/W4400596358","https://openalex.org/W4406272446","https://openalex.org/W4406741953","https://openalex.org/W4407758778","https://openalex.org/W4409277642","https://openalex.org/W4409645247","https://openalex.org/W4412474341","https://openalex.org/W4414137698","https://openalex.org/W4414310716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2885322963","https://openalex.org/W4301328126","https://openalex.org/W2931230699","https://openalex.org/W4293225721","https://openalex.org/W2995348795","https://openalex.org/W2128376720","https://openalex.org/W2084984667","https://openalex.org/W2075286165","https://openalex.org/W1995446121","https://openalex.org/W2551769725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Levetiracetam":[0],"(LEV)":[1],"is":[2,91,141,174],"one":[3],"of":[4,35,80,88,99,115,136,154,212,219,250,265,270,280,313,319,340,367],"the":[5,18,113,134,152,202,206,217,221,231,248,311,363],"most":[6,195],"commonly":[7],"prescribed":[8],"second-generation":[9],"antiepileptic":[10],"drugs":[11],"due":[12,61],"to":[13,17,62,131,179,267],"its":[14,48],"selective":[15,275],"binding":[16],"synaptic":[19],"vesicle":[20],"protein":[21],"SV2A,":[22],"predictable":[23],"pharmacokinetics,":[24],"minimal":[25],"drug":[26,67,277,355],"interactions,":[27],"and":[28,44,58,64,77,82,102,108,126,139,147,163,167,209,242,261,289,322,330,337,357,365],"low":[29],"teratogenic":[30],"risk.":[31],"The":[32,86,122,194,316],"clinical":[33,245,298,317],"spectrum":[34],"LEV":[36,51,120,173,189,271,304,359,368],"includes":[37],"focal":[38],"seizures":[39],"(as":[40],"monotherapy":[41],"or":[42],"adjunct),":[43],"tonic-clonic":[45],"seizures.":[46],"Despite":[47],"\u201cpharmacokinetic":[49],"simplicity\u201d,":[50],"exhibits":[52],"marked":[53],"interindividual":[54],"variability":[55,258],"in":[56,133,201,230,259,296],"efficacy":[57,366],"tolerability,":[59],"primarily":[60,235],"behavioral":[63,252],"neuropsychiatric":[65],"adverse":[66],"reactions":[68,84],"(ADRs).":[69],"Less":[70],"commonly,":[71],"immune-inflammatory":[72,331],"skin,":[73],"hematologic,":[74],"hepatic":[75],"ADRs,":[76],"case":[78],"reports":[79],"myotoxic":[81],"viscerotoxic":[83],"occur.":[85],"development":[87],"LEV-induced":[89],"ADRs":[90,253,323],"partially":[92],"determined":[93],"by":[94,176,328],"genetic":[95,146],"factors":[96],"(targets/transporters/esterases,":[97],"vulnerability":[98,264],"monoaminergic":[100],"networks)":[101],"metabolomic":[103],"shifts":[104],"(tryptophan-kynurenine":[105],"pathway,":[106],"lipid":[107],"redox":[109],"changes),":[110],"which":[111],"justifies":[112],"application":[114],"\u201comics\u201d":[116,294],"approaches":[117],"for":[118,327,374],"personalized":[119,375],"therapy.":[121],"review":[123],"on":[124,160,274],"domestic":[125],"international":[127],"studies":[128],"(from":[129],"2015":[130],"2025)":[132],"field":[135],"LEV-related":[137],"pharmacogenomics":[138,341],"pharmacometabolomics":[140,348],"presented,":[142],"aimed":[143],"at":[144],"identifying":[145],"metabolic":[148,227],"biomarkers":[149,198],"associated":[150,256],"with":[151,257],"risk":[153,249],"neurotoxicity.":[155],"It":[156],"demonstrated,":[157],"that":[158],"data":[159],"SV2A":[161],"gene":[162],"neurotransmitter":[164,168],"genes":[165,169],"polymorphisms":[166,200],"are":[170,199,234,240,324],"still":[171],"inconsistent.":[172],"metabolized":[175],"extrahepatic":[177],"esterases":[178],"a":[180,306,371],"pharmacologically":[181],"inactive":[182],"compound":[183],"(L057);":[184],"no":[185],"clinically":[186],"significant":[187],"reactive":[188,314],"metabolites":[190],"have":[191],"been":[192,302],"identified.":[193],"reproducible":[196],"pharmacogenetic":[197],"ABCB1":[203,343],"(efflux":[204],"across":[205],"blood-brain":[207],"barrier)":[208],"CES1":[210,345],"(rate":[211],"hydrolysis)":[213],"genes.":[214],"Pharmacometabolomics":[215],"confirms":[216],"usefulness":[218],"assessing":[220],"LEV/L057":[222],"ratio":[223],"as":[224],"an":[225],"exposure":[226,260],"biomarker.":[228],"Changes":[229],"tryptophan-kynurenine":[232],"pathway":[233,351],"experimental,":[236],"while":[237],"lipidomic/redox":[238],"findings":[239],"heterogeneous":[241],"lack":[243],"stable":[244],"validation.":[246],"Clinically,":[247],"neurotoxic":[251],"may":[254,361],"be":[255],"individual":[262],"neurobiological":[263],"neurons":[266],"LEV.":[268],"Personalization":[269],"therapy":[272],"relies":[273],"therapeutic":[276,320,354],"monitoring,":[278,356],"assessment":[279],"renal":[281,287],"function":[282],"/":[283,285],"pregnancy":[284],"augmented":[286],"clearance,":[288],"modelinformed":[290],"dosing.":[291],"However,":[292],"routine":[293],"testing":[295],"real":[297],"practice":[299],"has":[300,305],"not":[301],"developed.":[303],"favorable":[307],"pharmacokinetic":[308],"profile":[309],"without":[310],"formation":[312],"metabolites.":[315],"heterogeneity":[318],"response":[321],"mainly":[325],"accounted":[326],"pharmacodynamic":[329],"mechanisms":[332],"also":[333],"involving":[334],"transporter":[335],"proteins":[336],"esterases.":[338],"Integration":[339],"(":[342],",":[344],"),":[346],"targeted":[347],"(LEV/L057,":[349],"kynurenine":[350],"biomarkers),":[352],"\u201cselective\u201d":[353],"model-informed":[358],"dosing":[360],"improve":[362],"safety":[364],"use,":[369],"creating":[370],"realistic":[372],"framework":[373],"epileptology.":[376]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-12T00:00:00"}
