{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202170222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31","title":"Evaluating the Performance of Water Hyacinth and Soft Stem Bulrush in the Treatment of Brewery Wastewater Effluent Using Constructed Wetland Technology","display_name":"Evaluating the Performance of Water Hyacinth and Soft Stem Bulrush in the Treatment of Brewery Wastewater Effluent Using Constructed Wetland Technology","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202170222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31","pdf_url":"https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/IJEMT/VOL. 12 NO. 7 2026/Evaluating the Performance of Water 13-31.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281528","display_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY","issn_l":"2504-8848","issn":["2504-8848","2695-2149"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Engineering and Modern Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7202170222"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/IJEMT/VOL. 12 NO. 7 2026/Evaluating the Performance of Water 13-31.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146506501","display_name":"Onwudike Victor Ogom","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33783412","display_name":"Nigerian Defence Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02nt7a109","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onwudike Victor Ogom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering,   Faculty of Engineering and Technology,   Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering,   Faculty of Engineering and Technology,   Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146445912","display_name":"RL Batagarawa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33783412","display_name":"Nigerian Defence Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02nt7a109","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"RL Batagarawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering,   Faculty of Engineering and Technology,   Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering,   Faculty of Engineering and Technology,   Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146465368","display_name":"HB Gotip","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33783412","display_name":"Nigerian Defence Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02nt7a109","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"HB Gotip","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering,   Faculty of Engineering and Technology,   Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering,   Faculty of Engineering and Technology,   Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091871748","display_name":"Umar Idris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8203-0522","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8203-0522"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33783412","display_name":"Nigerian Defence Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02nt7a109","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umar Idris4","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering,   Faculty of Engineering and Technology,   Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering,   Faculty of Engineering and Technology,   Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"7","first_page":"13","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11624","display_name":"Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11624","display_name":"Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12780","display_name":"Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brewery-wastewater","display_name":"brewery wastewater","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constructed-wetlands","display_name":"constructed wetlands","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phytoremediation","display_name":"phytoremediation","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-hyacinth","display_name":"water hyacinth","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schoenoplectus-tabernaemontani","display_name":"Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metal-removal","display_name":"heavy metal removal","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cod-and-bod-removal","display_name":"COD and BOD removal","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suspended-solids-removal","display_name":"suspended solids removal","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ammonia-removal","display_name":"ammonia removal","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquatic-plants","display_name":"aquatic plants","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wastewater-treatment","display_name":"wastewater treatment","score":0.546999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780157541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158758","display_name":"Hyacinth","level":2,"score":0.8082000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.7865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147455438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706","display_name":"Effluent","level":2,"score":0.7257000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4891672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3995966","display_name":"Total suspended solids","level":4,"score":0.6919000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6765000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63797996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283180","display_name":"Phytoremediation","level":3,"score":0.6208000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780367215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376406","display_name":"Constructed wetland","level":3,"score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781356878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690645","display_name":"Eichhornia crassipes","level":4,"score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19570952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905309","display_name":"Suspended solids","level":3,"score":0.517300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198302294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215624","display_name":"Biochemical oxygen demand","level":4,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544657597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091","display_name":"Cadmium","level":2,"score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34771814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186101","display_name":"Aquatic plant","level":3,"score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188287460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555857","display_name":"Chemical oxygen demand","level":3,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129360787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466917","display_name":"Total dissolved solids","level":2,"score":0.43050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132000320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186101","display_name":"Macrophyte","level":2,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776053758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789","display_name":"Heavy metals","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90195498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183129","display_name":"Water pollution","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777777548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206040","display_name":"Mercury (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8625798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112","display_name":"Surface water","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51880511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117575","display_name":"Wastewater quality indicators","level":4,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2124996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816441","display_name":"Bioremediation","level":3,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31","pdf_url":"https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/IJEMT/VOL. 12 NO. 7 2026/Evaluating the Performance of Water 13-31.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281528","display_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY","issn_l":"2504-8848","issn":["2504-8848","2695-2149"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Engineering and Modern Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijemt.vol.12.no7.2026.pg13.31","pdf_url":"https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/IJEMT/VOL. 12 NO. 7 2026/Evaluating the Performance of Water 13-31.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281528","display_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY","issn_l":"2504-8848","issn":["2504-8848","2695-2149"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Engineering and Modern Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.833299994468689}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202170222.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202170222.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990972861","https://openalex.org/W2099140223","https://openalex.org/W2170181530","https://openalex.org/W2294098896","https://openalex.org/W2750997242","https://openalex.org/W3209314496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2797323706","https://openalex.org/W7213222317","https://openalex.org/W2183101458","https://openalex.org/W7140220799","https://openalex.org/W4286230133","https://openalex.org/W2901846187","https://openalex.org/W4404734220","https://openalex.org/W4304810968","https://openalex.org/W4307445028","https://openalex.org/W7216936805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97,164,330],"discharge":[1],"of":[2,51,64,160,174,182,217,264,272,342],"untreated":[3],"brewery":[4,65,175,343],"wastewater":[5,30,66,297,344,355,377],"into":[6],"the":[7,39,49,62,172,265,270,273,276,295,340],"environment":[8],"poses":[9],"serious":[10],"environmental":[11,372],"and":[12,25,36,43,56,84,90,94,127,140,151,214,224,261,285,290,304,318,345,350,368,375],"public":[13],"health":[14],"concerns":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,283,370],"its":[18],"high":[19],"organic":[20],"load,":[21],"suspended":[22,111],"solids,":[23],"nutrients,":[24],"heavy":[26,91,128,218,267],"metal":[27],"concentrations.":[28],"Conventional":[29],"treatment":[31,158,274],"systems":[32,146,362],"are":[33,336],"often":[34],"expensive":[35],"energy-intensive,":[37],"creating":[38],"need":[40],"for":[41,86,184,187,190,193,196,199,202,205,209,212,231,234,237,240,243,246,249,252,256,259,287,353],"cost-effective":[42],"sustainable":[44,351,376],"alternatives.":[45],"This":[46],"study":[47,331],"evaluated":[48],"performance":[50],"water":[52,149,288,310],"hyacinth":[53,150,178,289,311],"(Eichhornia":[54],"crassipes)":[55],"softstem":[57,152,227,291,322],"bulrush":[58,153,228,323],"(Schoenoplectus":[59],"tabernaemontani)":[60],"in":[61,315,327,339,359],"phytoremediation":[63,341],"using":[67],"a":[68,157],"laboratory-scale":[69],"constructed":[70,360],"wetland":[71,145,361],"system.":[72],"Wastewater":[73],"samples":[74],"were":[75,154,279],"collected":[76],"from":[77,281],"Nigerian":[78],"Breweries":[79],"Plc,":[80],"Kaduna":[81],"State,":[82],"Nigeria,":[83],"analyzed":[85],"selected":[87,266],"physicochemical":[88],"parameters":[89,98],"metals":[92,129,219],"before":[93],"after":[95],"treatment.":[96,356],"investigated":[99],"included":[100],"pH,":[101],"electrical":[102],"conductivity":[103],"(EC),":[104],"total":[105,110,117,206,253],"dissolved":[106],"solids":[107,112],"(TDS),":[108],"turbidity,":[109,197,244],"(TSS),":[113],"ammonia,":[114,194,241],"sulphate,":[115,200,247],"nitrate,":[116,203,250],"phosphorus,":[118,207,254],"biochemical":[119],"oxygen":[120,124],"demand":[121,125],"(BOD),":[122],"chemical":[123],"(COD),":[126],"such":[130],"as":[131],"copper":[132],"(Cu),":[133],"lead":[134],"(Pb),":[135],"zinc":[136],"(Zn),":[137],"iron":[138],"(Fe),":[139],"cadmium":[141],"(Cd).":[142],"Two":[143],"separate":[144],"planted":[147],"with":[148],"monitored":[155],"over":[156],"period":[159],"twenty-five":[161],"(25)":[162],"days.":[163],"results":[165],"revealed":[166],"that":[167,309,333],"both":[168,334],"macrophytes":[169,335],"significantly":[170,364],"improved":[171],"quality":[173,367],"wastewater.":[176],"Water":[177],"achieved":[179],"removal":[180,216,263],"efficiencies":[181],"71%":[183],"EC,":[185,232],"68%":[186],"TDS,":[188,235],"99%":[189,195,236],"TSS,":[191,238],"100%":[192,201,204,215,239,248,251,262],"87%":[198],"88%":[208,245,255],"COD,":[210,257],"90%":[211,233,258],"BOD,":[213,260],"(Cu,":[220],"Pb,":[221],"Zn,":[222],"Fe,":[223],"Cd).":[225],"Similarly,":[226],"recorded":[229],"69%":[230],"98%":[242],"metals.":[268],"At":[269],"end":[271],"period,":[275],"pH":[277],"values":[278],"reduced":[280],"9.82":[282],"7.10":[284],"7.23":[286],"bulrush,":[292],"respectively,":[293],"bringing":[294],"treated":[296],"within":[298],"acceptable":[299],"standards":[300],"established":[301],"by":[302],"NESREA":[303],"FAO.":[305],"Comparative":[306],"analysis":[307],"showed":[308],"performed":[312],"slightly":[313],"better":[314],"turbidity":[316],"reduction":[317],"electrical-conductivity":[319],"removal,":[320],"while":[321],"demonstrated":[324],"superior":[325],"efficiency":[326],"total-dissolved-solids":[328],"reduction.":[329],"concludes":[332],"highly":[337],"effective":[338,371],"offer":[346],"environmentally":[347],"friendly,":[348],"low-cost,":[349],"alternatives":[352],"industrial":[354],"Their":[357],"application":[358],"can":[363],"improve":[365],"effluent":[366],"contribute":[369],"pollution":[373],"control":[374],"management.":[378]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-12T00:00:00"}