{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202084702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14080683","title":"Spatial and Temporal Disparities in Timely Hepatitis B Birth-Dose Vaccination in Chongqing, China, 2016\u20132025","display_name":"Spatial and Temporal Disparities in Timely Hepatitis B Birth-Dose Vaccination in Chongqing, China, 2016\u20132025","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202084702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14080683","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42646700","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13517698"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/vaccines14080683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14080683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14080683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226234","display_name":"Vaccines","issn_l":"2076-393X","issn":["2076-393X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vaccines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14080683","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074390857","display_name":"Binyue Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-063X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-063X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157972","display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Government","ror":"https://ror.org/05ct91r78","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binyue Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Center of Disease Control and Prevention (Chongqing Academy of Preventive Medicine), Chongqing 400016, China","Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-063X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Center of Disease Control and Prevention (Chongqing Academy of Preventive Medicine), Chongqing 400016, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101287307","display_name":"Ningyu Wan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157972","display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Government","ror":"https://ror.org/05ct91r78","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningyu Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147640865","display_name":"Qing Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157972","display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Government","ror":"https://ror.org/05ct91r78","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111292500","display_name":"Ningpei Bai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157972","display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Government","ror":"https://ror.org/05ct91r78","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningpei Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023611276","display_name":"Chunbei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7317-8086","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7317-8086"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157972","display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Government","ror":"https://ror.org/05ct91r78","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunbei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023611276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157972"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"683","last_page":"683"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":0.8291000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":0.8291000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10340","display_name":"Hepatitis B Virus Studies","score":0.15199999511241913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14126","display_name":"Intramuscular injections and effects","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-b-vaccine","display_name":"hepatitis B vaccine","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-dose-vaccination","display_name":"birth dose vaccination","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccination-coverage","display_name":"vaccination coverage","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interregional-inequality","display_name":"interregional inequality","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-minority-areas","display_name":"ethnic minority regions","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mountainous-areas","display_name":"mountainous terrain","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mother-to-child-transmission","display_name":"mother-to-child transmission","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chongqing","display_name":"Chongqing","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-clustering","display_name":"spatial clustering","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccination-strategies","display_name":"vaccination strategies","score":0.4339999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.8216999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7107999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.550599992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6853","display_name":"Hepatitis B","level":2,"score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415366","display_name":"Immunization","level":3,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781037505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117749","display_name":"Hepatitis B vaccine","level":5,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780593183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6844","display_name":"Hepatitis B virus","level":3,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775876817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157661","display_name":"Hepatitis A","level":3,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46578552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725393","display_name":"Global health","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910093947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1644301","display_name":"Routine immunization","level":4,"score":0.265500009059906}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/vaccines14080683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14080683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14080683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226234","display_name":"Vaccines","issn_l":"2076-393X","issn":["2076-393X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vaccines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13517698","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13517698/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13517698/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vaccines (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42646700","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42646700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vaccines","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cce0606630d941c1b751b514acde5078","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cce0606630d941c1b751b514acde5078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Vaccines, Vol 14, Iss 8, p 683 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/vaccines14080683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14080683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14080683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226234","display_name":"Vaccines","issn_l":"2076-393X","issn":["2076-393X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Vaccines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202084702.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202084702.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978115893","https://openalex.org/W2089145440","https://openalex.org/W2589531091","https://openalex.org/W2620732053","https://openalex.org/W2800270769","https://openalex.org/W2801666689","https://openalex.org/W2804614022","https://openalex.org/W2904795054","https://openalex.org/W2974058298","https://openalex.org/W3001021919","https://openalex.org/W3041699694","https://openalex.org/W3157943846","https://openalex.org/W3172565398","https://openalex.org/W4295879737","https://openalex.org/W4306318664","https://openalex.org/W4385297223","https://openalex.org/W4386791261","https://openalex.org/W4389484459","https://openalex.org/W4392759487","https://openalex.org/W4402536669","https://openalex.org/W4406597412","https://openalex.org/W4409178242","https://openalex.org/W4416572036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804614022","https://openalex.org/W2364059475","https://openalex.org/W2110670019","https://openalex.org/W7098398557","https://openalex.org/W4402375983","https://openalex.org/W2355509440","https://openalex.org/W7154455877","https://openalex.org/W2972810767","https://openalex.org/W3158953329","https://openalex.org/W2904795054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Timely":[1],"hepatitis":[2,17,22,53,238],"B":[3,18,23,54,172],"vaccine":[4],"birth-dose":[5,39,88,194],"(HepBV-BD)":[6],"vaccination":[7,24,40,55,73,173,195],"is":[8],"a":[9,240],"cornerstone":[10],"strategy":[11],"for":[12],"preventing":[13],"mother-to-child":[14],"transmission":[15],"of":[16,112,204,235],"virus":[19],"(HBV).":[20],"Although":[21,144],"coverage":[25,56,93,128,174],"in":[26,37,44,52,85,159,167,175,192,197],"China":[27],"has":[28],"improved":[29,177],"substantially,":[30],"evidence":[31],"regarding":[32],"long-term":[33],"district-level":[34],"spatiotemporal":[35,50],"inequalities":[36],"timely":[38,87,193],"remains":[41],"limited,":[42],"particularly":[43],"western":[45],"China.":[46],"This":[47,65],"study":[48,68],"assessed":[49,104],"disparities":[51],"across":[57],"Chongqing,":[58],"China,":[59],"from":[60,76,138],"2016":[61,180],"to":[62,140],"2025.":[63],"METHODS:":[64],"ecological":[66],"descriptive":[67],"used":[69],"district-":[70],"and":[71,91,100,109,163,181,217,228],"county-level":[72],"surveillance":[74],"data":[75],"the":[77,125,232],"Chongqing":[78,176],"Immunization":[79],"Information":[80],"Management":[81],"System.":[82],"Temporal":[83],"trends":[84],"HepBV-BD,":[86],"(TBD),":[89],"HepBV2,":[90],"HepBV3":[92],"were":[94,103],"analyzed.":[95],"Regional":[96],"disparities,":[97],"interregional":[98,135],"inequalities,":[99,206],"spatial":[101,190,205],"clustering":[102],"using":[105],"Global":[106,145],"Moran's":[107,146],"I":[108,147],"Local":[110],"Indicators":[111],"Spatial":[113],"Association":[114],"(LISA).":[115],"RESULTS:":[116],"<":[117],"0.001).":[118],"Mountainous":[119],"ethnic":[120,199],"minority":[121,200],"regions":[122,162],"consistently":[123],"exhibited":[124],"lowest":[126],"TBD":[127],"despite":[129],"marked":[130],"improvement":[131],"over":[132],"time.":[133],"Absolute":[134],"inequality":[136],"decreased":[137],"30.8":[139],"8.4":[141],"percentage":[142],"points.":[143],"was":[148],"not":[149],"statistically":[150],"significant,":[151],"LISA":[152],"analysis":[153],"identified":[154],"persistent":[155,189],"localized":[156],"low-coverage":[157],"clusters":[158,166],"southeastern":[160],"mountainous":[161,198],"emerging":[164],"high-high":[165],"northern":[168],"Chongqing.":[169],"CONCLUSIONS:":[170],"Hepatitis":[171],"markedly":[178],"between":[179],"2025,":[182],"accompanied":[183],"by":[184,244],"declining":[185],"geographic":[186],"inequality.":[187],"Nevertheless,":[188],"inequities":[191],"remained":[196],"areas.":[201],"Continued":[202],"monitoring":[203],"together":[207],"with":[208],"strengthened":[209],"primary":[210],"healthcare":[211],"capacity,":[212],"culturally":[213],"tailored":[214],"health":[215,242],"education,":[216],"equitable":[218],"resource":[219],"allocation,":[220],"may":[221],"help":[222],"support":[223],"geographically":[224],"targeted":[225],"immunization":[226],"strategies":[227],"accelerate":[229],"progress":[230],"toward":[231],"WHO":[233],"goal":[234],"eliminating":[236],"viral":[237],"as":[239],"public":[241],"threat":[243],"2030.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-10T00:00:00"}