{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202083178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438","title":"Measuring self-regulated learning and personality in a Mongolian security and defense training institution: psychometric validation of the MSLQ-M and BFI-2-S using exploratory structural equation modeling","display_name":"Measuring self-regulated learning and personality in a Mongolian security and defense training institution: psychometric validation of the MSLQ-M and BFI-2-S using exploratory structural equation modeling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202083178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128075089","display_name":"Chamintsetseg Myagmarkhorloo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1005-6018","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1005-6018"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I227486990","display_name":"University of Szeged","ror":"https://ror.org/01pnej532","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I227486990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64222039","display_name":"National University of Mongolia","ror":"https://ror.org/04855bv47","country_code":"MN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64222039"]}],"countries":["HU","MN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chamintsetseg Myagmarkhorloo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of British and American Studies, National University of Mongolia","Doctoral School of Education, University of Szeged"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of British and American Studies, National University of Mongolia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64222039"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral School of Education, University of Szeged","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I227486990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098820086","display_name":"Dolgorjav Dorjsembe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255425","display_name":"University of Internal Affairs of Mongolia","ror":"https://ror.org/0300ws552","country_code":"MN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255425"]}],"countries":["MN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dolgorjav Dorjsembe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foreign Language Institute, University of Internal Affairs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foreign Language Institute, University of Internal Affairs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255425"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001793028","display_name":"Anita Hab\u00f3k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-8206","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-8206"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I227486990","display_name":"University of Szeged","ror":"https://ror.org/01pnej532","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I227486990"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anita Hab\u00f3k","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Education, University of Szeged","MTA-SZTE Digital Learning Technologies Research Group"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Education, University of Szeged","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I227486990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MTA-SZTE Digital Learning Technologies Research Group","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I227486990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128075089"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I227486990","https://openalex.org/I64222039"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":3.2241,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85841813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.8935999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.8935999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.0778999999165535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-self-regulation","display_name":"student self-regulation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality","display_name":"personality","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivated-strategies-for-learning-questionnaire","display_name":"Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-invariance","display_name":"measurement invariance","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-invariance","display_name":"gender invariance","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criterion-validity","display_name":"criterion validity","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpa","display_name":"GPA","score":0.5080000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.8863999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.6643999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1589151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804207","display_name":"Measurement invariance","level":4,"score":0.6338000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172141706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307067","display_name":"Conscientiousness","level":5,"score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2865642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","level":3,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70364389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18757","display_name":"Validity","level":3,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24663603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2428138","display_name":"16PF Questionnaire","level":5,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168862018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373805","display_name":"Emotionality","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174010058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170643","display_name":"Personality Assessment Inventory","level":3,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9be79e8f0adb4b55ae8465dfde35e42c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9be79e8f0adb4b55ae8465dfde35e42c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education, Vol 11 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1915438/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3932044338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KOZOKT2025-4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322192","funder_display_name":"Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7315818374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ADVANCED_24","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335908","funder_display_name":"Nemzeti Kutat\u00e1si, Fejleszt\u00e9si \u00e9s Innovaci\u00f3s Alap"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322192","display_name":"Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia","ror":"https://ror.org/02ks8qq67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329149","display_name":"Szegedi Tudom\u00e1nyegyetem","ror":"https://ror.org/01pnej532"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335908","display_name":"Nemzeti Kutat\u00e1si, Fejleszt\u00e9si \u00e9s Innovaci\u00f3s Alap","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202083178.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202083178.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W384900141","https://openalex.org/W1594368670","https://openalex.org/W1678084289","https://openalex.org/W1741890539","https://openalex.org/W1957711827","https://openalex.org/W1968295086","https://openalex.org/W1977136981","https://openalex.org/W2000301050","https://openalex.org/W2005532382","https://openalex.org/W2009317241","https://openalex.org/W2011442046","https://openalex.org/W2014001227","https://openalex.org/W2022705378","https://openalex.org/W2033611934","https://openalex.org/W2040890982","https://openalex.org/W2046127588","https://openalex.org/W2066052206","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2083614385","https://openalex.org/W2090631480","https://openalex.org/W2098880898","https://openalex.org/W2117766479","https://openalex.org/W2123901740","https://openalex.org/W2137739415","https://openalex.org/W2155022159","https://openalex.org/W2156702515","https://openalex.org/W2157641949","https://openalex.org/W2469775770","https://openalex.org/W2590578401","https://openalex.org/W2887133025","https://openalex.org/W3176735204","https://openalex.org/W3182816945","https://openalex.org/W4247849097","https://openalex.org/W4312193290","https://openalex.org/W4318200246","https://openalex.org/W4382599874","https://openalex.org/W4387502194","https://openalex.org/W4389438422","https://openalex.org/W4407555354","https://openalex.org/W4407894566","https://openalex.org/W4408734399","https://openalex.org/W4408803196","https://openalex.org/W4409248940","https://openalex.org/W4410064120","https://openalex.org/W4411060873","https://openalex.org/W4411640951","https://openalex.org/W4411976775","https://openalex.org/W4412172910"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285103822","https://openalex.org/W7064206143","https://openalex.org/W4405817443","https://openalex.org/W4388808171","https://openalex.org/W4301093079","https://openalex.org/W652455881","https://openalex.org/W2129381760","https://openalex.org/W4205788795","https://openalex.org/W4411060873","https://openalex.org/W4410138204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Cross-cultural":[1],"psychometric":[2,275],"validation":[3],"of":[4,30,33,127,150,212,277],"personality":[5,214,260],"and":[6,27,41,59,84,91,115,146,178,203,248,256,281],"self-regulated":[7],"learning":[8],"(SRL)":[9],"instruments":[10],"remains":[11],"limited":[12],"in":[13,73],"Central":[14],"Asian":[15],"institutional":[16],"contexts.":[17],"This":[18],"study":[19],"examined":[20],"the":[21,34,42,120,128,155,161,236,274],"structural":[22],"validity,":[23],"reliability,":[24],"measurement":[25],"invariance":[26,82,206],"criterion":[28,269],"validity":[29],"Mongolian":[31,57],"adaptations":[32,280,289],"Big":[35],"Five":[36],"Inventory-2":[37],"Short":[38],"Form":[39],"(BFI-2-S)":[40],"Motivated":[43],"Strategies":[44],"for":[45,133],"Learning":[46],"Questionnaire":[47],"strategy":[48],"subscales":[49,222],"(MSLQ-M).":[50],"Methods":[51],"In":[52,232],"307":[53],"students":[54],"at":[55],"a":[56,85,107,125,173,233,264],"security":[58],"defense":[60],"training":[61],"institution,":[62],"Exploratory":[63],"Structural":[64],"Equation":[65],"Modeling":[66],"(ESEM)":[67],"with":[68,117,218],"GEOMIN":[69],"rotation":[70],"was":[71,189,193,209],"conducted":[72],"Mplus":[74],"8.3,":[75],"alongside":[76],"an":[77],"independent-clusters":[78,137],"confirmatory":[79,138],"model,":[80],"gender":[81,208],"testing,":[83],"full":[86,204,234],"ESEM-SEM":[87,235],"linking":[88],"personality,":[89],"SRL":[90,180,242,258],"self-reported":[92,262],"GPA.":[93],"Results":[94],"The":[95,170],"BFI-2-S":[96],"fitted":[97,140],"well":[98],"(CFI":[99,143],"=":[100,103,144,182,201,224,246],".933,":[101],"RMSEA":[102],".052)":[104],"but":[105],"yielded":[106],"dominant":[108],"general":[109,237],"evaluative":[110,238],"factor":[111,239],"spanning":[112],"Agreeableness,":[113],"Conscientiousness":[114],"Open-Mindedness,":[116],"Negative":[118,227],"Emotionality":[119,228],"only":[121],"cleanly":[122,252],"recovered":[123],"domain,":[124],"consequence":[126],"all-positive":[129,278],"item":[130,279],"adaptation":[131],"adopted":[132],"cultural":[134],"appropriateness.":[135],"An":[136],"model":[139,163],"substantially":[141,293],"worse":[142],".851)":[145],"returned":[147],"latent":[148],"correlations":[149],".83":[151],"to":[152],".97":[153],"among":[154],"four":[156],"positively-valenced":[157],"domains,":[158],"indicating":[159],"that":[160,283],"conventional":[162],"relocates":[164],"rather":[165],"than":[166],"detects":[167],"this":[168],"artefact.":[169],"MSLQ-M":[171,221],"supported":[172],"two-factor":[174],"higher-order":[175],"structure,":[176],"Cognitive-Metacognitive":[177],"Behavioral-Social":[179],"(r":[181,223],".764),":[183],"although":[184],"its":[185],"nominal":[186],"nine-subscale":[187],"structure":[188],"not":[190],"recovered.":[191],"Reliability":[192],"strong":[194],"across":[195,207,267],"all":[196,219],"14":[197],"scales":[198],"(":[199,244],"\u03b1":[200],".760\u2013.947)":[202],"scalar":[205],"supported.":[210],"Four":[211],"five":[213],"domains":[215],"correlated":[216],"significantly":[217],"nine":[220],".315\u2013.497),":[225],"whereas":[226,250],"showed":[229],"near-zero":[230],"associations.":[231],"predicted":[240,261],"both":[241],"factors":[243],"\u03b2":[245],".366":[247],".440),":[249],"no":[251],"measured":[253],"domain":[254],"did,":[255],"neither":[257],"nor":[259],"GPA,":[263],"null":[265],"robust":[266],"three":[268],"specifications.":[270],"Discussion":[271],"Findings":[272],"highlight":[273],"costs":[276],"indicate":[282],"apparent":[284],"personality\u2013SRL":[285],"associations":[286],"under":[287],"such":[288],"may":[290],"be":[291],"carried":[292],"by":[294],"shared":[295],"response":[296],"valence.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-08-10T00:00:00"}