{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202080951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","title":"Sustainable Approach to the Degradation of Azo Dyes by Bacteria: A Review","display_name":"Sustainable Approach to the Degradation of Azo Dyes by Bacteria: A Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202080951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211586","display_name":"Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology","issn_l":"2457-0125","issn":["2457-0125"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116331504","display_name":"Sheetal Sahare","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8864-4318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8864-4318"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I464993","display_name":"Barkatullah University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ax13658","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I464993"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheetal Sahare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Botany and Microbiology, Sri Sathya Sai College for Women, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India and Molecular Plant Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal,  Madhya Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Sri Sathya Sai College for Women, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India and Molecular Plant Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal,  Madhya Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I464993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028314444","display_name":"Ram Prasad Kushvaha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-3972","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-3972"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I464993","display_name":"Barkatullah University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ax13658","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I464993"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ram Prasad Kushvaha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Plant Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal,  Madhya Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Plant Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal,  Madhya Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I464993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102035004","display_name":"Renu Mishra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renu Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Botany and Microbiology, Sri Sathya Sai College for Women, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Sri Sathya Sai College for Women, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047782609","display_name":"Sunil Kumar Snehi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0624-1943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0624-1943"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I464993","display_name":"Barkatullah University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ax13658","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I464993"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunil Kumar Snehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Plant Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal,  Madhya Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Plant Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal,  Madhya Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I464993"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"253","last_page":"276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11136","display_name":"Enzyme-mediated dye degradation","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2402","display_name":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11136","display_name":"Enzyme-mediated dye degradation","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2402","display_name":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10324","display_name":"Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11231","display_name":"Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azo-dyes","display_name":"azo dyes","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-bioremediation","display_name":"bacterial bioremediation","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azoreductase","display_name":"azoreductase","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laccase","display_name":"laccase","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peroxidase","display_name":"peroxidase","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremophilic-bacteria","display_name":"extremophile bacteria","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetically-modified-bacteria","display_name":"engineered bacteria","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textile-wastewater","display_name":"textile wastewater","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reductive-cleavage","display_name":"reductive cleavage","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wastewater-treatment","display_name":"wastewater treatment","score":0.38499999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183696295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.6248000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2124996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816441","display_name":"Bioremediation","level":3,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5182999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251805","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157021035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q696715","display_name":"Biodegradation","level":2,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780497538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192006","display_name":"Detoxification (alternative medicine)","level":3,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822347","display_name":"Metabolic engineering","level":3,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196222841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839252","display_name":"Microbial biodegradation","level":4,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21951064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212","display_name":"Combinatorial chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777568163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1182938","display_name":"Dehalococcoides","level":5,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192989942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68685","display_name":"Metabolic pathway","level":3,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55904794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682","display_name":"Redox","level":2,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57600042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227564","display_name":"Oxidative phosphorylation","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991944050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36534","display_name":"Reaction conditions","level":3,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994087729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7649686","display_name":"Sustainable production","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5140985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483866","display_name":"Anaerobic exercise","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114246631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187661","display_name":"Carcinogen","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211586","display_name":"Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology","issn_l":"2457-0125","issn":["2457-0125"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:journalajb2t.com:article/319","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journalajb2t.com/index.php/AJB2T/article/view/319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211586","display_name":"Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology","issn_l":"2457-0125","issn":["2457-0125"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2457-0125","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05714834v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05714834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology, 2026, 12 (3), pp.253-276","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2026/v12i3319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211586","display_name":"Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology","issn_l":"2457-0125","issn":["2457-0125"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.807699978351593,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"score":0.6618000268936157,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4211159723","https://openalex.org/W2040841239","https://openalex.org/W70270650","https://openalex.org/W7223556316","https://openalex.org/W2739802616","https://openalex.org/W4211166394","https://openalex.org/W7214102393","https://openalex.org/W2908432033","https://openalex.org/W4381512899","https://openalex.org/W4386920319"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Azo":[0],"dyes":[1],"account":[2],"for":[3,189,259],"the":[4,11,25,81,93,98,115,130,158,175,201,211,221],"majority":[5],"of":[6,86,96,103,117,126,165,174,203,213,274],"synthetic":[7],"colorants":[8],"discharged":[9],"by":[10,180,305],"textile,":[12],"leather,":[13],"paper":[14],"and":[15,18,27,43,56,73,100,112,119,129,132,140,169,196,209,220,246,267,271,287,312],"food":[16],"industries,":[17],"their":[19,35,296],"recalcitrant":[20],"azo":[21,87,167,292],"bonds,":[22],"together":[23],"with":[24,89,277],"carcinogenic":[26],"mutagenic":[28],"aromatic":[29,177],"amines":[30],"that":[31,109,148,170],"can":[32],"arise":[33],"from":[34],"reductive":[36,111,150],"cleavage,":[37],"make":[38],"them":[39],"a":[40,70,284],"persistent":[41],"environmental":[42],"public":[44],"health":[45],"concern.":[46],"Physicochemical":[47],"treatments":[48],"reduce":[49],"colour":[50],"but":[51,295],"rarely":[52],"achieve":[53],"complete":[54,75],"mineralisation":[55],"often":[57],"generate":[58],"secondary":[59],"waste":[60],"streams,":[61],"which":[62,224],"has":[63],"sustained":[64],"interest":[65],"in":[66,162,228,236,241],"bacterial":[67,84,163,281],"bioremediation":[68],"as":[69],"comparatively":[71],"low-cost":[72],"potentially":[74],"alternative.":[76],"This":[77],"review":[78,255],"critically":[79],"synthesises":[80],"literature":[82,144],"on":[83,308],"degradation":[85],"dyes,":[88,168],"particular":[90],"attention":[91],"to":[92,137,223,291,298],"enzymatic":[94],"basis":[95],"decolorisation,":[97],"ecological":[99],"genomic":[101,275],"organisation":[102],"degrading":[104],"consortia,":[105],"process":[106,278],"engineering":[107],"strategies":[108],"couple":[110],"oxidative":[113,172],"steps,":[114],"performance":[116,205],"extremophilic":[118],"genetically":[120,214],"engineered":[121],"strains":[122,216],"under":[123,152],"conditions":[124,156],"representative":[125],"real":[127],"effluents,":[128],"analytical":[131],"computational":[133],"tools":[134],"now":[135],"used":[136],"verify":[138],"detoxification":[139,264,310],"optimise":[141],"operation.":[142],"The":[143,254],"indicates":[145],"broad":[146],"agreement":[147],"azoreductase-mediated":[149],"cleavage":[151],"anaerobic":[153],"or":[154,183],"microaerophilic":[155],"is":[157,187,193],"obligatory":[159],"first":[160],"step":[161],"metabolism":[164],"most":[166],"subsequent":[171],"transformation":[173],"resulting":[176],"amines,":[178],"whether":[179],"laccases,":[181],"peroxidases":[182],"aerobic":[184],"ring-cleavage":[185],"pathways,":[186],"required":[188],"adequate":[190],"detoxification.":[191],"Evidence":[192],"more":[194],"heterogeneous,":[195],"confidence":[197],"correspondingly":[198],"lower,":[199],"regarding":[200],"generalisability":[202],"consortium":[204],"across":[206],"dye":[207,242,293],"structures":[208],"salinities,":[210],"scalability":[212],"modified":[215],"beyond":[217],"laboratory":[218],"conditions,":[219],"extent":[222],"decolorisation":[225],"percentages":[226],"reported":[227],"isolated":[229],"batch":[230],"assays":[231],"translate":[232],"into":[233],"demonstrable":[234],"reductions":[235],"ecotoxicological":[237],"endpoints.":[238],"Methodological":[239],"heterogeneity":[240],"concentration,":[243],"inoculum":[244],"history":[245],"toxicity":[247],"assay":[248],"selection":[249],"substantially":[250],"limits":[251],"cross-study":[252],"comparison.":[253],"identifies":[256],"specific":[257],"priorities":[258],"future":[260],"work,":[261],"including":[262],"standardised":[263],"reporting,":[265],"longer-term":[266],"mixed-dye":[268],"continuous-flow":[269],"trials,":[270],"closer":[272],"integration":[273],"characterisation":[276],"design.":[279],"Overall,":[280],"systems":[282],"offer":[283],"mechanistically":[285],"well-understood":[286],"practically":[288],"promising":[289],"route":[290],"remediation,":[294],"translation":[297],"industrial-scale,":[299],"sustainable":[300],"wastewater":[301],"treatment":[302],"remains":[303],"constrained":[304],"inconsistent":[306],"evidence":[307],"robustness,":[309],"completeness":[311],"long-term":[313],"operational":[314],"stability.":[315]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2026-08-10T00:00:00"}