{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202045910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/h69zk","title":"Deep learning for brain tumour diagnosis on MRI: a systematic review of reported performance, evaluation design and reporting completeness across classification, detection and segmentation studies (2021\u20132026)","display_name":"Deep learning for brain tumour diagnosis on MRI: a systematic review of reported performance, evaluation design and reporting completeness across classification, detection and segmentation studies (2021\u20132026)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202045910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/h69zk"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.17605/osf.io/h69zk","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/h69zk","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"StudyRegistration"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://osf.io/h69zk","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146176758","display_name":"Ouma\u00efma BENABOUD","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3301-6993","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3301-6993"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ouma\u00efma BENABOUD","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3301-6993","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146172065","display_name":"Khalid Mhasni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5855-4999","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5855-4999"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Mhasni","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5855-4999","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065672659","display_name":"El Mehdi Ismaili Alaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6846-0762","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6846-0762"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"El Mehdi Ismaili Alaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6846-0762","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10129","display_name":"Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-tumor-diagnosis","display_name":"brain tumor diagnosis","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-mri","display_name":"brain MRI","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-classification","display_name":"tumor classification","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-detection","display_name":"cancer detection","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-segmentation","display_name":"tumor segmentation","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-design","display_name":"evaluation design","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-partitioning","display_name":"data partitioning","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-balance","display_name":"class balance","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"generalization","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproducibility","display_name":"reproducibility","score":0.48399999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6909000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6385999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5975000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5582000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17231256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156540","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.557699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.17605/osf.io/h69zk","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/h69zk","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"StudyRegistration"},{"id":"doi:10.17605/osf.io/h69zk","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/h69zk","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/h69zk","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050956","display_name":"Open Science Framework","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"StudyRegistration"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.17605/osf.io/h69zk","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/h69zk","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"StudyRegistration"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7140552231","https://openalex.org/W7161815600","https://openalex.org/W7106029542","https://openalex.org/W7159028878","https://openalex.org/W7167515067","https://openalex.org/W7215072064","https://openalex.org/W4414711543","https://openalex.org/W7167616748","https://openalex.org/W7202263637","https://openalex.org/W7124288911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"systematic":[1],"review":[2,117,145],"examines":[3],"deep":[4],"learning":[5],"models":[6],"applied":[7],"to":[8,27,35,63,134],"brain":[9],"MRI":[10],"for":[11],"tumour":[12],"classification,":[13],"detection":[14],"and":[15,56,84,126,160,163,186,199,201,213,217],"segmentation,":[16],"in":[17],"studies":[18,93,174,193],"published":[19],"from":[20,72,136],"2021":[21],"onward.":[22],"Its":[23],"purpose":[24],"is":[25,111,153],"not":[26,112],"catalogue":[28],"architectures":[29],"or":[30,88],"rank":[31],"reported":[32,140,189,207],"accuracies,":[33],"but":[34],"establish":[36],"the":[37,60,73,81,96,129,137,151,222],"conditions":[38],"under":[39],"which":[40,202],"those":[41],"accuracies":[42],"were":[43,68],"obtained.":[44],"Existing":[45],"reviews":[46],"of":[47,80,118,220],"this":[48,119],"field":[49,120],"report":[50,175],"performance":[51,190],"figures":[52],"clustered":[53],"between":[54],"97%":[55],"100%":[57],"without":[58],"extracting":[59],"information":[61],"needed":[62],"interpret":[64],"them:":[65],"how":[66,150,164,172,188,209],"data":[67,161],"partitioned,":[69],"whether":[70,85],"images":[71],"same":[74,97],"patient":[75],"appear":[76],"on":[77,95],"both":[78],"sides":[79],"train/test":[82],"boundary,":[83],"augmentation":[86,180],"preceded":[87],"followed":[89],"splitting.":[90],"Where":[91],"many":[92,165],"evaluate":[94],"public":[98],"collection,":[99],"convergent":[100,107],"high":[101],"accuracy":[102],"has":[103],"been":[104],"read":[105],"as":[106],"evidence,":[108],"although":[109],"it":[110,169],"independent":[113],"replication.":[114],"No":[115],"prior":[116],"applies":[121],"a":[122,131],"formal":[123],"quality":[124],"appraisal,":[125],"none":[127],"distinguishes":[128],"task":[130,138,212,215],"study":[132],"claims":[133],"perform":[135],"its":[139],"metrics":[141],"actually":[142],"evidence.":[143],"The":[144],"therefore":[146],"asks":[147],"five":[148],"questions:":[149],"literature":[152],"distributed":[154],"across":[155],"task,":[156],"architecture,":[157],"clinical":[158],"target":[159],"regime,":[162],"distinct":[166],"evaluation":[167,184],"datasets":[168],"rests":[170],"on;":[171],"completely":[173],"split":[176,197],"protocol,":[177],"patient-level":[178],"separation,":[179],"order,":[181],"class":[182],"balance,":[183],"unit":[185],"variability;":[187],"differs":[191],"when":[192],"are":[194],"stratified":[195],"by":[196],"protocol":[198],"dataset,":[200],"findings":[203],"survive":[204],"excluding":[205],"inadequately":[206],"studies;":[208],"often":[210],"claimed":[211],"evidenced":[214],"diverge;":[216],"what":[218],"evidence":[219],"generalisation":[221],"corpus":[223],"contains.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-08-10T00:00:00"}