{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202039415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7363/150208","title":"Inside human milk fortifiers: composition and clinical rationale","display_name":"Inside human milk fortifiers: composition and clinical rationale","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202039415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7363/150208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.www.jpnim.com:article/2053","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://jpnim.com/index.php/jpnim/article/view/e150208","pdf_url":"https://jpnim.com/index.php/jpnim/article/download/e150208/1180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737598171","display_name":"Journal of pediatric and neonatal individualized medicine","issn_l":"2281-0692","issn":["2281-0692"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317605","host_organization_name":"Hygeia Press di Corridori Marinella","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317605"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hygeia Press di Corridori Marinella"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2281-0692","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://jpnim.com/index.php/jpnim/article/download/e150208/1180","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089445614","display_name":"Giulia Maiocco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4889-1661","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4889-1661"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulia Maiocco","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067717329","display_name":"Elena Maggiora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7491-468X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7491-468X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Maggiora","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019354055","display_name":"Sonia Deantoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8072-2593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8072-2593"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonia Deantoni","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078485723","display_name":"Guido Eugenio Moro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3429-3257","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3429-3257"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido E. Moro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066614193","display_name":"Enrico Bertino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6369-9352","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6369-9352"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Bertino","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138457615","display_name":"Massimo Agosti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1828-821X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1828-821X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Agosti","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11294","display_name":"Infant Nutrition and Health","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11294","display_name":"Infant Nutrition and Health","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10979","display_name":"Breastfeeding Practices and Influences","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13540","display_name":"Animal Diversity and Health Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-milk-fortifier","display_name":"human milk fortifier","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-milk-fortification","display_name":"human milk fortification","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/very-low-birth-weight-infants","display_name":"very low birth weight infants","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preterm-infants","display_name":"preterm infants","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-chain-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids","display_name":"long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/docosahexaenoic-acid","display_name":"docosahexaenoic acid","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arachidonic-acid","display_name":"arachidonic acid","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipid-supplementation","display_name":"lipid supplementation","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osmolality","display_name":"osmolality","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/necrotizing-enterocolitis","display_name":"necrotizing enterocolitis","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-development","display_name":"brain development","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neonatal-intensive-care","display_name":"neonatal intensive care","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeding-tolerance","display_name":"feeding tolerance","score":0.4410000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777900319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15121266","display_name":"Food fortification","level":3,"score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14522933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531507","display_name":"Micronutrient","level":2,"score":0.43320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198211336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57821","display_name":"Fortification","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777171753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423345","display_name":"Docosahexaenoic acid","level":4,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779303187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859678","display_name":"Necrotizing enterocolitis","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992940123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8495","display_name":"Bovine milk","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779150110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2287198","display_name":"Infant formula","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777091541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9008292","display_name":"Neonatal intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19038510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005087","display_name":"Polyunsaturated fatty acid","level":3,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148257392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2358629","display_name":"Clinical nutrition","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779083892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6692979","display_name":"Low birth weight","level":3,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779073587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192746","display_name":"Colostrum","level":3,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780717550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q540834","display_name":"Hypoallergenic","level":4,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780809830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407426","display_name":"Linoleic acid","level":3,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190362976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845261","display_name":"Caloric theory","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536800656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898674","display_name":"Neonatology","level":3,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775871700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22728","display_name":"Breast milk","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.www.jpnim.com:article/2053","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://jpnim.com/index.php/jpnim/article/view/e150208","pdf_url":"https://jpnim.com/index.php/jpnim/article/download/e150208/1180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737598171","display_name":"Journal of pediatric and neonatal individualized medicine","issn_l":"2281-0692","issn":["2281-0692"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317605","host_organization_name":"Hygeia Press di Corridori Marinella","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317605"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hygeia Press di Corridori Marinella"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2281-0692","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:442b5adc8d2c4f179614ac2e9f69c828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7363/150208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/442b5adc8d2c4f179614ac2e9f69c828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized Medicine, Vol 15, Iss 2, Pp e150208-e150208 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.www.jpnim.com:article/2053","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://jpnim.com/index.php/jpnim/article/view/e150208","pdf_url":"https://jpnim.com/index.php/jpnim/article/download/e150208/1180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737598171","display_name":"Journal of pediatric and neonatal individualized medicine","issn_l":"2281-0692","issn":["2281-0692"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317605","host_organization_name":"Hygeia Press di Corridori Marinella","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317605"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hygeia Press di Corridori Marinella"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2281-0692","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.9208999872207642}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202039415.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202039415.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2593221706","https://openalex.org/W2925195604","https://openalex.org/W4224297486","https://openalex.org/W4410334871","https://openalex.org/W7161303174","https://openalex.org/W4231481308","https://openalex.org/W4306670746","https://openalex.org/W7220860112","https://openalex.org/W7131866139","https://openalex.org/W2048213035"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"milk":[1],"(HM)":[2],"represents":[3],"the":[4,41,79,136,157,162,178,181,253],"gold":[5],"standard":[6,158],"for":[7,53],"infant\u2019s":[8],"nutrition,":[9],"including":[10],"preterm":[11],"and":[12,28,32,57,65,81,105,118,129,146,177,208,212,221,232,243,264],"very":[13],"low":[14],"birth":[15],"weight":[16],"(VLBW)":[17],"infants,":[18],"owing":[19],"to":[20,134,139,147,166,175,228,268],"its":[21],"well-documented":[22],"benefits":[23],"in":[24,71,94,201,246],"reducing":[25],"neonatal":[26],"morbidity":[27,204],"supporting":[29],"long-term":[30],"neurodevelopmental":[31,244],"metabolic":[33],"outcomes.":[34],"However,":[35],"HM":[36,85],"alone":[37],"does":[38],"not":[39,171,193],"meet":[40],"nutritional":[42],"requirements":[43],"of":[44,84,159,180,183,203,256],"VLBW":[45,247],"infants":[46],"as":[47,260],"defined":[48],"by":[49],"current":[50,269],"European":[51],"Society":[52],"Paediatric":[54],"Gastroenterology,":[55],"Hepatology":[56],"Nutrition":[58],"guidelines,":[59],"making":[60],"fortification":[61,119],"with":[62,87,126,173,240],"protein,":[63],"energy,":[64],"micronutrients":[66],"a":[67,88,97,261],"widely":[68],"adopted":[69],"strategy":[70],"Neonatal":[72],"Intensive":[73],"Care":[74],"Units.":[75],"This":[76],"article":[77],"reviews":[78],"quantitative":[80,98],"qualitative":[82,151],"aspects":[83],"fortification,":[86],"focus":[89],"on":[90,113],"fortifiers":[91,101,155,217,259],"currently":[92],"available":[93],"Italy.":[95],"From":[96],"standpoint,":[99],"multicomponent":[100],"provide":[102],"additional":[103],"protein":[104,115],"carbohydrates":[106],"within":[107],"recommended":[108,133],"osmolality":[109],"limits,":[110],"though":[111],"evidence":[112,235],"optimal":[114,172],"intake":[116],"thresholds":[117],"strategies":[120],"remains":[121],"inconclusive.":[122],"Lipid":[123],"supplementation,":[124],"particularly":[125],"docosahexaenoic":[127],"acid":[128,144],"arachidonic":[130],"acid,":[131],"is":[132,170],"increase":[135],"caloric":[137],"intake,":[138],"address":[140],"long-chain":[141],"polyunsaturated":[142],"fatty":[143],"deficiency":[145],"support":[148],"neurodevelopment.":[149],"Regarding":[150],"aspects,":[152],"bovine":[153,167,198,270],"milk-derived":[154,168,199,216,271],"remain":[156],"care":[160],"despite":[161,188],"fact":[163],"that":[164],"exposure":[165],"products":[169,200],"respect":[174],"tolerance":[176,239],"reduction":[179],"risk":[182],"necrotizing":[184],"enterocolitis.":[185],"HM-derived":[186],"fortifiers,":[187],"their":[189,225],"theoretical":[190],"advantages,":[191],"have":[192],"demonstrated":[194],"clear":[195],"superiority":[196],"over":[197],"terms":[202],"or":[205],"growth":[206],"outcomes,":[207],"raise":[209],"significant":[210],"ethical":[211],"economic":[213],"concerns.":[214],"Donkey":[215],"represent":[218],"an":[219],"emerging":[220],"promising":[222],"alternative,":[223],"given":[224],"compositional":[226],"similarity":[227],"HM,":[229],"hypoallergenic":[230],"properties,":[231],"preliminary":[233],"clinical":[234],"showing":[236],"improved":[237],"feeding":[238],"comparable":[241],"auxological":[242],"outcomes":[245],"infants.":[248],"Future":[249],"perspectives":[250],"point":[251],"toward":[252],"industrial":[254],"development":[255],"donkey":[257],"milk-based":[258],"clinically":[262],"feasible":[263],"ethically":[265],"sustainable":[266],"alternative":[267],"formulations.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-08-10T00:00:00"}