{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7201866685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494","title":"Convergent evolution in neural representation space: emergent order in deep belief networks","display_name":"Convergent evolution in neural representation space: emergent order in deep belief networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7201866685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/complex-systems/articles/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287442","display_name":"Frontiers in Complex Systems","issn_l":"2813-6187","issn":["2813-6187"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Complex Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/complex-systems/articles/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062539159","display_name":"Patrick Krau\u00df","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-7733","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-7733"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088053","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen","ror":"https://ror.org/0030f2a11","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Krauss","raw_affiliation_strings":["BG Clinic Ludwigshafen","Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)","Neuromodulation and Neuroprosthetics, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg","Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Erlangen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BG Clinic Ludwigshafen","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuromodulation and Neuroprosthetics, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Erlangen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026690582","display_name":"Achim Schilling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9543-305X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9543-305X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088053","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen","ror":"https://ror.org/0030f2a11","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Achim Schilling","raw_affiliation_strings":["BG Clinic Ludwigshafen","Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)","Neuromodulation and Neuroprosthetics, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg","Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Erlangen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BG Clinic Ludwigshafen","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuromodulation and Neuroprosthetics, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Erlangen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135442149","display_name":"Andreas Maier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas K. Maier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135979022","display_name":"Thomas Kinfe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Kinfe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuromodulation and Neuroprosthetics, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuromodulation and Neuroprosthetics, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009671657","display_name":"Claus Metzner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-4306","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-4306"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claus Metzner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062539159"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854","https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I4210088053"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49606825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-belief-network","display_name":"deep belief network","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"unsupervised learning","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-generative-models","display_name":"hierarchical generative models","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconstruction-era","display_name":"Reconstruction","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-class-structure","display_name":"latent class structure","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergent-evolution","display_name":"convergent evolution","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist","display_name":"MNIST","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fashion-mnist","display_name":"Fashion-MNIST","score":0.9259999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7231000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6194999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97385483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16954980","display_name":"Deep belief network","level":3,"score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5449000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81388566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668","display_name":"Sigmoid function","level":3,"score":0.5300999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5228000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/complex-systems/articles/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287442","display_name":"Frontiers in Complex Systems","issn_l":"2813-6187","issn":["2813-6187"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Complex Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.05996","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.05996","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.05996","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9023bcb490c14823a2b8a72248ebb5e4","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9023bcb490c14823a2b8a72248ebb5e4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Complex Systems, Vol 4 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.05996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.05996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.05996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/complex-systems/articles/10.3389/fcpxs.2026.1960494/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287442","display_name":"Frontiers in Complex Systems","issn_l":"2813-6187","issn":["2813-6187"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Complex Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1312898290","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SCHI1482/3-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2830154102","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KR 5148/5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3506668107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1482/3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3963607356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KR5148/5-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5241177577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"563909707","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G557459268","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SCHI 1482/6-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5617649242","display_name":"GRK 2839: Die Konstruktionsgrammatische Galaxis","funder_award_id":"468527017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5713677572","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KR5148/3-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6044418793","display_name":"Nutzung stochastischer Resonanzph\u00e4nomene im zentralen auditorischen System zur Tinnitustherapie","funder_award_id":"510395418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6777772083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KR 5148/3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7315617606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GRK 2839","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7871921390","display_name":"Zwickerton und Tinnitus","funder_award_id":"451810794","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8889720971","display_name":"Rekurrente neuronale Datenverarbeitung, gesteuert durch adaptives Rauschen und regulatorische R\u00fcckkopplung","funder_award_id":"542747151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7201866685.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7201866685.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042492924","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2144219012","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2902986194","https://openalex.org/W3021362223","https://openalex.org/W3065974826","https://openalex.org/W3146058829","https://openalex.org/W4391878854","https://openalex.org/W4393160303","https://openalex.org/W4403237719","https://openalex.org/W4412156828","https://openalex.org/W4416010409","https://openalex.org/W7118175846","https://openalex.org/W7154712289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400305326","https://openalex.org/W3005559199","https://openalex.org/W52756503","https://openalex.org/W7106012426","https://openalex.org/W4312106496","https://openalex.org/W3039972347","https://openalex.org/W2518372873","https://openalex.org/W1971014294","https://openalex.org/W7026238844","https://openalex.org/W2064630666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"Belief":[1],"Networks":[2],"(DBNs)":[3],"learn":[4],"hierarchical":[5],"generative":[6,148],"models":[7],"without":[8],"class":[9,23,41,58,76,96,117,181],"supervision.":[10],"We":[11,54],"ask":[12],"how":[13],"this":[14],"unsupervised":[15,170],"hierarchy":[16,137],"reorganizes":[17],"data,":[18],"whether":[19,26],"it":[20],"exposes":[21],"latent":[22],"structure,":[24,182],"and":[25,37,43,51,98,129,144,186],"independently":[27],"initialized":[28],"networks":[29],"discover":[30],"corresponding":[31],"internal":[32],"representations.":[33],"Across":[34],"MNIST,":[35],"Fashion-MNIST,":[36],"KMNIST,":[38],"we":[39],"follow":[40],"geometry":[42,97],"accessibility":[44,100],"together":[45],"with":[46,62],"representational":[47,177],"dimensionality,":[48],"input":[49],"reconstruction,":[50,185],"free":[52,156],"generation.":[53],"find":[55],"that":[56,105,134,169],"global":[57],"organization":[59],"generally":[60],"strengthens":[61],"depth":[63,171],"even":[64],"though":[65],"labels":[66],"are":[67,92],"never":[68],"available":[69],"during":[70],"learning.":[71],"Early":[72],"layers":[73,83],"frequently":[74],"make":[75],"identity":[77],"easier":[78],"to":[79,123],"extract,":[80],"whereas":[81],"deeper":[82],"form":[84],"increasingly":[85],"compact":[86],"representations":[87],"in":[88,179],"which":[89,180],"related":[90,125],"features":[91],"learned":[93,136],"repeatedly.":[94],"Global":[95],"classifier":[99],"can":[101],"nevertheless":[102],"diverge,":[103],"showing":[104],"a":[106,173],"more":[107,113],"ordered":[108],"representation":[109,127],"is":[110,138],"not":[111],"uniformly":[112],"informative":[114],"at":[115],"every":[116],"boundary.":[118],"Independently":[119],"trained":[120],"DBNs":[121],"converge":[122],"closely":[124],"depth-specific":[126],"geometries":[128],"neuronal":[130],"response":[131],"features,":[132],"indicating":[133],"the":[135,142],"strongly":[139],"constrained":[140],"by":[141],"data":[143],"learning":[145],"process.":[146],"Deeper":[147],"paths":[149],"also":[150],"produce":[151],"broader":[152],"populations":[153],"of":[154,176],"recognizable":[155],"samples":[157],"while":[158],"preserving":[159],"less":[160],"information":[161],"about":[162],"individual":[163],"inputs.":[164],"Together,":[165],"these":[166],"results":[167],"show":[168],"follows":[172],"reproducible":[174],"path":[175],"reorganization":[178],"accessibility,":[183],"compression,":[184],"generation":[187],"remain":[188],"distinct":[189],"but":[190],"interacting":[191],"properties.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-08-08T00:00:00"}