{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7201855976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","title":"Reducing belief in conspiracy theories as they unfold using large language models","display_name":"Reducing belief in conspiracy theories as they unfold using large language models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7201855976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055631608","display_name":"Thomas H. Costello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5188-3881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5188-3881"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas H Costello","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5188-3881","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063515721","display_name":"Nathaniel Rabb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7283-2549","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7283-2549"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathaniel Rabb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7283-2549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041499491","display_name":"Michael Nicholas Stagnaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5512-7218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5512-7218"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Nicholas Stagnaro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5512-7218","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020533147","display_name":"Gordon Pennycook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1344-6143","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1344-6143"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Pennycook","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1344-6143","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056499434","display_name":"David Gertler Rand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8975-2783","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8975-2783"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Gertler Rand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8975-2783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12448","display_name":"Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conspiracy-theories","display_name":"conspiracy theories","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversational-ai","display_name":"conversational AI","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation-countermeasures","display_name":"misinformation countermeasures","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crisis-events","display_name":"crisis events","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downstream-effects","display_name":"downstream effects","score":0.44999998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.8307999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018922208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26838736","display_name":"Post truth","level":3,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781466463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621695","display_name":"Blame","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v3","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.06151","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.06151","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.06151","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.06151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.06151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.06151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnm9r_v2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7201855976.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7201855976.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403401634","https://openalex.org/W4415222261","https://openalex.org/W7223364624","https://openalex.org/W7120150422","https://openalex.org/W4393864810","https://openalex.org/W4409632698","https://openalex.org/W4408226092","https://openalex.org/W4416020712","https://openalex.org/W7221729552","https://openalex.org/W7084763299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,8,55,127,130,148,159,177],"conspiracy":[3,89,118],"theories":[4],"in":[5,31,38,78,111,120,137,145,173],"the":[6,39,42,51,74,112,131,146,157,164,174],"wake":[7,147],"major":[9],"events":[10],"is":[11],"a":[12,23,79,106],"significant":[13],"societal":[14,179],"challenge.":[15],"Here":[16],"we":[17],"test":[18],"whether":[19],"conversational":[20],"dialogues":[21],"with":[22,82,101],"large":[24],"language":[25],"model":[26],"(LLM)":[27],"can":[28],"reduce":[29,87],"belief":[30,136],"immediately":[32],"unfolding":[33],"conspiracies.":[34],"In":[35],"experiments":[36],"conducted":[37],"days":[40],"following":[41],"July":[43],"2024":[44],"assassination":[45,54],"attempt":[46],"on":[47,156],"Donald":[48],"Trump":[49],"and":[50,162],"September":[52],"2025":[53],"Charlie":[56],"Kirk,":[57],"U.S.":[58],"adults":[59],"(Experiment":[60],"1:":[61],"N":[62,67],"=":[63,68],"472;":[64],"Experiment":[65],"2:":[66],"1035)":[69],"holding":[70],"conspiratorial":[71],"views":[72],"about":[73],"crisis":[75,150],"event":[76],"engaged":[77],"multi-turn":[80],"conversation":[81],"an":[83,98,102],"LLM":[84,103,113,132],"prompted":[85],"to":[86,92,141,170],"their":[88],"belief.":[90],"Compared":[91],"control":[93],"participants":[94,110],"who":[95],"either":[96],"discussed":[97],"irrelevant":[99],"topic":[100],"or":[104],"viewed":[105],"static":[107],"fact":[108],"sheet,":[109],"treatment":[114],"showed":[115],"significantly":[116],"reduced":[117,135],"beliefs":[119],"both":[121],"experiments.":[122],"We":[123],"also":[124],"found":[125],"evidence":[126],"downstream":[128],"effects":[129],"treatment,":[133],"observing":[134],"different":[138],"conspiracies":[139,161],"one":[140],"two":[142],"months":[143],"later":[144],"subsequent":[149],"events.":[151,180],"These":[152],"results":[153],"shed":[154],"light":[155],"psychology":[158],"emerging":[160],"highlight":[163],"potential":[165],"for":[166],"scalable,":[167],"cognitively-focused":[168],"interventions":[169],"counteract":[171],"misinformation":[172],"immediate":[175],"aftermath":[176],"high-profile":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-08T00:00:00"}
