{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7201852738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840484","title":"Betsy","display_name":"Betsy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7201852738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21840484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},"volume":null,"type":"other","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840484","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133863094","display_name":"francis lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8615-4978","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8615-4978"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"francis, lee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8615-4978","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133863094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14156","display_name":"Engineering Applied Research","score":0.35420000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14156","display_name":"Engineering Applied Research","score":0.35420000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13451","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering Research and Applications","score":0.30959999561309814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.14429999887943268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drum-magazine","display_name":"Drum magazine","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-feeding","display_name":"automated feeding","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibration-damping","display_name":"vibration damping","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture-control","display_name":"moisture control","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-insulation","display_name":"thermal insulation","score":0.8309999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5572999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150344060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875724","display_name":"Railgun","level":4,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175845324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738285","display_name":"Drum","level":2,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920419","display_name":"Upgrade","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776668124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749601","display_name":"Recoil","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11750728","display_name":"Punching","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71480407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184631","display_name":"Ballistics","level":3,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777642091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148571","display_name":"Buzzer","level":3,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384","display_name":"Microphone","level":3,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780673119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487192","display_name":"Muzzle","level":3,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16389437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","display_name":"Magnet","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125750033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146104","display_name":"Gimbal","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778892661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116434","display_name":"Phonograph","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777606094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1791122","display_name":"Ball screw","level":3,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190743461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211251","display_name":"Shock absorber","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131357438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208598","display_name":"Eddy current","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49304495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49393","display_name":"Projectile","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122041747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838611","display_name":"Ball (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97039730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552565","display_name":"Pulsed power","level":3,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776529397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190312","display_name":"Stator","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122824865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830787","display_name":"Hypersonic speed","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1034443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2583685","display_name":"Propulsion","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779543734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376960","display_name":"Electromagnetic forming","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176871988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72313","display_name":"Electric motor","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171912257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11019","display_name":"Mechanical system","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192144188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245739","display_name":"Solenoid","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172227984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400397","display_name":"Barrel (horology)","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21840484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21840485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21842968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21842968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21842968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21843008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21843008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21843008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21843099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21843099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21843099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21840484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21840484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2903094259","https://openalex.org/W2316135038","https://openalex.org/W2331511474","https://openalex.org/W2354267863","https://openalex.org/W7065675250","https://openalex.org/W3135425434","https://openalex.org/W229850937","https://openalex.org/W3122458405","https://openalex.org/W7164622395","https://openalex.org/W4405848826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Summary":[0],"The":[1,48,69,83,119,144,328,356,374,450,509],"document":[2,84,181],"presents":[3,182],"a":[4,9,14,24,35,54,63,91,159,192,208,239,256,264,272,293,299,305,312,335,351,389,405,431,514,518],"real-engineering":[5],"concept":[6],"study":[7],"for":[8,95],"quad-barrel":[10],"12-gauge":[11],"shotgun":[12],"with":[13,53,90,213],"compact":[15,390],"diamond":[16],"barrel":[17],"arrangement,":[18],"sequential":[19],"or":[20,244,309,474],"simultaneous":[21],"firing,":[22],"and":[23,44,80,102,110,130,140,153,191,219,251,271,348,404,437,464,489,529],"four-shell":[25,60],"cassette":[26],"loading":[27],"system.":[28,196],"It":[29],"proposes":[30,388],"several":[31],"recoil-control":[32],"technologies,":[33],"including":[34,420],"sliding":[36],"receiver,":[37],"ported":[38],"muzzle":[39,495],"brake,":[40],"magnetorheological":[41],"stock":[42],"buffer,":[43],"gel-matrix":[45],"recoil":[46,126],"pad.":[47],"design":[49,135],"is":[50,330,521],"later":[51],"expanded":[52],"motorized":[55],"drum":[56],"magazine":[57],"holding":[58],"six":[59],"cassettes,":[61],"giving":[62],"stated":[64,125],"capacity":[65],"of":[66,164,225,231,334,383],"24":[67],"rounds.":[68],"system":[70,162,516],"uses":[71,358],"an":[72,87,114,400],"electric":[73],"indexing":[74],"motor,":[75],"spring":[76],"elevator,":[77],"automatic":[78],"feeding,":[79],"side":[81],"ejection.":[82],"also":[85],"specifies":[86],"aluminum":[88],"structure":[89],"Kevlar-stitched":[92],"leather":[93],"grip":[94],"improved":[96],"handling,":[97],"vibration":[98],"damping,":[99],"moisture":[100],"control,":[101],"heat":[103],"insulation.":[104],"Overall,":[105],"it":[106,339,349],"combines":[107],"established":[108],"mechanical":[109],"materials-engineering":[111],"principles":[112],"into":[113],"ambitious":[115],"integrated":[116],"weapon":[117],"concept.":[118],"mechanisms":[120],"are":[121],"engineering-based,":[122],"while":[123],"the":[124,148,180,262,321,341,359,379,386,396,411,525],"reductions,":[127],"reload":[128],"times,":[129],"one-handed":[131],"firing":[132],"performance":[133],"remain":[134],"estimates":[136],"requiring":[137,471],"calculation,":[138],"prototyping,":[139],"testing.":[141],"Document":[142],"Overview":[143],"provided":[145],"text":[146,387,510],"outlines":[147],"engineering":[149],"frameworks,":[150],"core":[151,434],"components,":[152,419],"physics":[154],"formulas":[155],"required":[156,532],"to":[157,167,222,246,260,267,315,363,441,444,461,502,524,533],"build":[158],"theoretical,":[160],"ground-launched":[161],"capable":[163],"accelerating":[165],"projectiles":[166,535],"hypersonic":[168,361],"speeds":[169],"(exceeding":[170],"Mach":[171],"5).":[172],"Because":[173],"traditional":[174,384],"chemical":[175,289],"propellants":[176],"expand":[177],"too":[178],"slowly,":[179],"two":[183],"alternative":[184],"theoretical":[185],"methods:":[186],"electromagnetic":[187],"acceleration":[188],"(a":[189],"railgun)":[190],"two-stage":[193],"light-gas":[194],"gun":[195],"Core":[197],"Theoretical":[198],"Concepts":[199],"1.":[200],"Electromagnetic":[201],"Launch":[202],"System":[203],"(Railgun)":[204],"Power":[205],"Supply:":[206],"Requires":[207],"Pulse":[209],"Forming":[210],"Network":[211],"(PFN)":[212],"fast-discharging":[214],"capacitors,":[215],"solid-state":[216,439],"switches":[217],"(Thyristors/Ignitrons),":[218],"heavy-duty":[220],"busbars":[221],"dump":[223],"megajoules":[224],"electricity":[226],"instantly.":[227],"Barrel":[228],"Structure:":[229],"Consists":[230],"parallel":[232],"conductive":[233,258],"rails":[234],"(copper":[235],"alloys)":[236],"held":[237],"within":[238],"high-strength":[240],"insulating":[241],"housing":[242],"(ceramics":[243],"Kevlar)":[245],"withstand":[247,268],"extreme":[248,457],"Lorentz":[249],"forces":[250],"plasma":[252],"heat.":[253],"Projectiles:":[254],"Utilizes":[255],"lightweight":[257],"armature":[259],"complete":[261],"circuit,":[263],"tungsten/carbon-composite":[265],"aero-shell":[266],"atmospheric":[269],"friction,":[270],"discarding":[273],"sabot":[274,344],"sleeve.":[275],"2.":[276],"Two-Stage":[277],"Light-Gas":[278],"Gun":[279],"(LGG)":[280],"Missile":[281,326],"Launcher":[282,393],"First":[283],"Stage":[284,324],"(The":[285,325],"Launcher):":[286],"A":[287],"conventional":[288],"combustion":[290,402],"charge":[291],"drives":[292],"heavy":[294],"deformable":[295],"piston":[296,408],"forward":[297],"inside":[298],"pump":[300],"tube.":[301],"This":[302],"process":[303],"hyper-compresses":[304],"light":[306],"gas":[307,492],"(hydrogen":[308],"helium),":[310],"bursting":[311],"rupture":[313],"diaphragm":[314],"release":[316],"massive":[317,380,526],"pneumatic":[318],"pressure":[319],"behind":[320],"missile.":[322],"Second":[323],"Payload):":[327],"missile":[329],"launched":[331],"mechanically":[332],"out":[333],"smooth-bore":[336],"barrel.":[337,414],"Once":[338],"exits":[340],"muzzle,":[342],"its":[343],"sleeves":[345],"drop":[346],"away,":[347],"ignites":[350],"Supersonic":[352],"Combustion":[353],"Ramjet":[354],"(Scramjet).":[355],"scramjet":[357,433],"existing":[360],"speed":[362],"compress":[364],"incoming":[365],"air,":[366],"burning":[367],"fuel":[368],"directly":[369,409],"in":[370,485],"supersonic":[371],"airflow.":[372],"3.":[373],"Ultra-Compact":[375],"Adaptation":[376],"To":[377],"minimize":[378],"physical":[381,515],"footprint":[382],"systems,":[385],"layout:":[391],"Coaxial":[392],"Geometry:":[394],"Folds":[395],"launcher":[397],"by":[398],"wrapping":[399],"annular":[401],"chamber":[403],"concentric,":[406],"reverse-action":[407],"around":[410],"central":[412],"launch":[413],"Micro-Hypersonic":[415],"Missile:":[416],"Features":[417],"space-saving":[418],"collapsible":[421],"shape-memory":[422],"alloy":[423],"intake":[424],"shrouds,":[425],"curved":[426],"wrap-around":[427],"lattice":[428],"grid":[429],"fins,":[430],"solid-fuel":[432],"(eliminating":[435],"plumbing),":[436],"resin-potted":[438],"avionics":[440],"survive":[442],"up":[443],"100,000":[445],"g-forces.":[446],"Primary":[447],"Engineering":[448],"Barriers":[449],"G-Force":[451],"&":[452,480],"Thermal":[453],"Barriers:":[454],"Payloads":[455],"endure":[456],"structural":[458],"stress":[459],"($10,000$":[460],"$100,000\\text{":[462],"g's}$)":[463],"severe":[465],"thermal":[466,476],"ablation":[467],"($2,000^\\circ\\text{C}+$":[468],"friction":[469],"heat),":[470],"specialized":[472],"carbon-carbon":[473],"ceramic":[475],"protection.":[477],"Rail":[478],"Gouging":[479],"Unstart":[481],"Conditions:":[482],"Contact":[483],"points":[484],"railguns":[486],"can":[487,498],"melt":[488],"interlock.":[490],"In":[491],"guns,":[493],"incorrect":[494],"exit":[496],"angles":[497],"cause":[499],"engine":[500],"airflow":[501],"\"unstart,\"":[503],"generating":[504],"destructive":[505],"shockwaves.":[506],"Scale":[507],"Limits:":[508],"notes":[511],"that":[512],"building":[513],"at":[517,539],"hobbyist":[519],"scale":[520],"impossible":[522],"due":[523],"energy":[527],"infrastructure":[528],"vacuum":[530],"chambers":[531],"prevent":[534],"from":[536],"vaporizing":[537],"instantly":[538],"sea":[540],"level":[541]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-08-08T00:00:00"}