{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7201837602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.05518","title":"X-Z Round Scheduling for the Surface Code with Defects under Biased Noise","display_name":"X-Z Round Scheduling for the Surface Code with Defects under Biased Noise","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7201837602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.05518"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.05518","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.05518","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.05518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.05518","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092474592","display_name":"Lakshika Rathi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4225-7731","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4225-7731"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rathi, Lakshika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092885727","display_name":"Pau Escofet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3372-1931","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3372-1931"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Escofet, Pau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University , USA","Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya , Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya , Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082028103","display_name":"Joshua Viszlai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3560-9177","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3560-9177"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viszlai, Joshua","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002015508","display_name":"Margaret Martonosi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-8032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-8032"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martonosi, Margaret","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11804","display_name":"Quantum many-body systems","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-code","display_name":"surface code","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biased-noise","display_name":"biased noise","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-defects","display_name":"hardware defects","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-error-rate","display_name":"logical error rate","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-error-correction","display_name":"quantum error correction","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerant-quantum-computation","display_name":"fault-tolerant quantum computing","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-distance","display_name":"code distance","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defect-rate","display_name":"defect rate","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/device-calibration","display_name":"device calibration","score":0.5950000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6396999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.6057999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.6014000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.428600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206468330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834373","display_name":"Code rate","level":3,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182953411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917713","display_name":"Controlled NOT gate","level":5,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21847791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191081","display_name":"Logical conjunction","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.05518","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.05518","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.05518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.05518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.05518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.05518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.05518","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.05518","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.05518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G241279073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE\u2010SC0012704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G357145406","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC-0012704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7201837602.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7201837602.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fault-tolerant":[0],"Quantum":[1,6],"Computing":[2],"(FTQC)":[3],"relies":[4],"on":[5],"Error":[7],"Correction":[8],"(QEC)":[9],"codes":[10,33],"that":[11,73,195],"encode":[12],"logical":[13,131,162,224],"qubits":[14,18,70],"across":[15],"many":[16],"physical":[17],"to":[19,35,81,139,152,167,176,209,220],"detect":[20],"and":[21,45,71,89,126,174,214],"correct":[22],"errors.":[23],"The":[24],"surface":[25,79,186],"code":[26,80,124,187],"is":[27],"among":[28],"the":[29,40,58,78,87,103,130,141,161,196,202],"most":[30],"widely":[31],"studied":[32],"due":[34],"its":[36],"high":[37],"error":[38,132,163,225],"threshold,":[39],"existence":[41],"of":[42,60,198],"efficient":[43],"decoders,":[44],"hardware-friendly":[46],"properties:":[47],"a":[48,170,179,184],"planar,":[49],"two-dimensional":[50],"layout":[51],"with":[52],"nearest-neighbor":[53],"connectivity.":[54],"In":[55,98,205],"practice,":[56],"however,":[57],"fabrication":[59],"solid-state":[61],"quantum":[62],"processors":[63],"introduces":[64],"hardware":[65],"defects,":[66],"resulting":[67],"in":[68,92,223],"defective":[69],"couplers":[72],"must":[74],"be":[75],"discarded.":[76],"Adapting":[77],"these":[82],"defects":[83],"often":[84],"requires":[85],"measuring":[86],"$X$-":[88],"$Z$-type":[90],"checks":[91,106],"separate":[93],"rounds":[94,217],"rather":[95],"than":[96],"simultaneously.":[97],"this":[99],"work,":[100],"we":[101,193],"investigate":[102],"optimal":[104,142],"$X$-to-$Z$":[105],"round-scheduling":[107,199],"ratio":[108,144],"under":[109,188],"biased":[110,190],"noise":[111,122],"systems.":[112],"Our":[113,158],"results":[114],"characterize":[115],"how":[116,138],"key":[117],"architectural":[118],"parameters,":[119],"such":[120],"as":[121],"bias,":[123],"distance,":[125],"defect":[127,172,181],"rate,":[128],"impact":[129],"rate.":[133,226],"We":[134],"provide":[135],"insights":[136],"into":[137],"determine":[140],"scheduling":[143],"directly":[145],"from":[146],"device":[147],"calibration":[148],"data,":[149],"enabling":[150],"manufacturers":[151],"maximize":[153],"performance":[154],"without":[155],"extensive":[156],"simulations.":[157],"approach":[159],"reduces":[160],"rate":[164,173,182],"by":[165],"up":[166,175,219],"$4.25\\times$":[168],"at":[169,178],"$1\\%$":[171],"$8.46\\times$":[177],"$2\\%$":[180],"for":[183],"distance-$13$":[185],"moderately":[189],"noise.":[191],"Furthermore,":[192],"demonstrate":[194],"benefits":[197],"extend":[200],"beyond":[201],"defective-hardware":[203],"setting.":[204],"biased-noise":[206],"architectures":[207],"subject":[208],"CNOT":[210],"crosstalk,":[211],"separating":[212],"$X$":[213],"$Z$":[215],"measurement":[216],"yields":[218],"$4.5\\times$":[221],"reduction":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-08-08T00:00:00"}