{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7201835927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4238/07504d13","title":"AN EXPLAINABLE MACHINE LEARNING FRAMEWORK WITH ROBUST CROSS-VALIDATION FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE PREDICTION USING VOICE BIOMARKERS","display_name":"AN EXPLAINABLE MACHINE LEARNING FRAMEWORK WITH ROBUST CROSS-VALIDATION FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE PREDICTION USING VOICE BIOMARKERS","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7201835927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4238/07504d13"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4238/07504d13","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4238/07504d13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4238/07504d13","pdf_url":"https://geneticsmr.com/index.php/gmr/article/download/1412/883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206553565","display_name":"Genetics and Molecular Research","issn_l":"1676-5680","issn":["1676-5680"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322633623","host_organization_name":"Research Foundation of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322633623"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Research Foundation of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics and Molecular Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://geneticsmr.com/index.php/gmr/article/download/1412/883","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046101174","display_name":"Sonu Rana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0409-4396","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0409-4396"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266301","display_name":"Brainware University","ror":"https://ror.org/021g9h582","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonu Rana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106852303","display_name":"Sreelekha Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5524-1919","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5524-1919"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266301","display_name":"Brainware University","ror":"https://ror.org/021g9h582","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreelekha Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145962641","display_name":"Shivnath Ghosh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266301","display_name":"Brainware University","ror":"https://ror.org/021g9h582","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivnath Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145986430","display_name":"Sanjay Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266301","display_name":"Brainware University","ror":"https://ror.org/021g9h582","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146025003","display_name":"Ahinshubra Nandi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266301","display_name":"Brainware University","ror":"https://ror.org/021g9h582","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahinshubra Nandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145940656","display_name":"Anusmita Bhattacharjee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266301","display_name":"Brainware University","ror":"https://ror.org/021g9h582","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anusmita Bhattacharjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Brainware University , Barasat , Kolkata , West Bengal , Pin 700125 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266301"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.6898999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.6898999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.3003000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-biomarkers","display_name":"vocal biomarkers","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-analysis","display_name":"speech analysis","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-diagnosis","display_name":"early diagnosis","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-prediction","display_name":"disease prediction","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-machine-learning","display_name":"explainable machine learning","score":0.8669999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7534000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6923999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.4212000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125168437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625184","display_name":"Structured support vector machine","level":3,"score":0.2644999921321869}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4238/07504d13","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4238/07504d13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4238/07504d13","pdf_url":"https://geneticsmr.com/index.php/gmr/article/download/1412/883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206553565","display_name":"Genetics and Molecular Research","issn_l":"1676-5680","issn":["1676-5680"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322633623","host_organization_name":"Research Foundation of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322633623"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Research Foundation of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics and Molecular Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4238/07504d13","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4238/07504d13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4238/07504d13","pdf_url":"https://geneticsmr.com/index.php/gmr/article/download/1412/883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206553565","display_name":"Genetics and Molecular Research","issn_l":"1676-5680","issn":["1676-5680"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322633623","host_organization_name":"Research Foundation of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322633623"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Research Foundation of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics and Molecular Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9763000011444092,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7201835927.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7201835927.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409180738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403864515","https://openalex.org/W4400771055","https://openalex.org/W6917554967","https://openalex.org/W7201885449","https://openalex.org/W4414956720","https://openalex.org/W7220412844","https://openalex.org/W7147507205","https://openalex.org/W4410129301","https://openalex.org/W7165165159","https://openalex.org/W4388200583"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"chronic":[1],"neurological":[2],"condition":[3],"that":[4],"impairs":[5],"mobility":[6],"is":[7,53,168],"Parkinson's":[8,19,42,56,112],"disease.":[9,20],"Slower":[10],"motions,":[11],"tremors,":[12],"and":[13,77,92,100,121,145,156,173,183,195,201],"stiffness":[14],"might":[15],"be":[16,33,65],"symptoms":[17],"of":[18,40,50],"Although":[21],"a":[22,37,106],"precise":[23],"diagnostic":[24],"test":[25],"does":[26],"not":[27],"yet":[28],"exist,":[29],"machine":[30,59,81,107],"learning":[31,60,82,130],"can":[32,87],"used":[34,132,186],"to":[35,54,104,151,162,187,204],"estimate":[36],"person's":[38],"likelihood":[39],"having":[41],"disease":[43,57,113],"based":[44],"on":[45,74],"particular":[46],"biomarkers.":[47],"The":[48],"purpose":[49],"this":[51],"article":[52],"forecast":[55],"using":[58],"algorithms.":[61],"Early":[62],"detection":[63],"may":[64],"delayed":[66],"by":[67,133],"traditional":[68],"clinical":[69,99],"diagnosis,":[70],"which":[71],"mostly":[72],"relies":[73],"medical":[75,94],"knowledge":[76],"symptom":[78],"monitoring.":[79],"Thus,":[80],"(ML)-based":[83],"automated":[84],"prediction":[85],"systems":[86],"greatly":[88],"enhance":[89],"early":[90],"diagnosis":[91],"assist":[93],"professionals.":[95],"This":[96],"work":[97],"uses":[98],"biological":[101],"speech":[102],"datasets":[103],"develop":[105],"learning-based":[108],"classification":[109],"model":[110,158],"for":[111],"identification.":[114],"XGBoost":[115,194],"(Extreme":[116],"Gradient":[117],"Boosting),":[118],"Random":[119,196],"Forest,":[120],"Support":[122],"Vector":[123],"Machine":[124],"(SVM)":[125],"are":[126,148,185],"three":[127],"potent":[128],"supervised":[129],"techniques":[131],"the":[134,153,165,189],"system.":[135],"Data":[136],"preparation":[137],"procedures,":[138],"such":[139],"as":[140],"feature":[141,146],"scaling,":[142],"normalisation,":[143],"cleaning,":[144],"selection,":[147],"carried":[149],"out":[150],"raise":[152],"dataset's":[154],"quality":[155],"boost":[157],"performance.":[159,191],"In":[160,192],"order":[161],"properly":[163],"evaluate":[164],"dataset,":[166],"it":[167],"then":[169],"separated":[170],"into":[171],"training":[172],"testing":[174],"sets.":[175],"Metrics":[176],"including":[177],"F1-score,":[178],"confusion":[179],"matrix,":[180],"recall,":[181],"accuracy,":[182],"precision":[184],"assess":[188],"models'":[190],"general,":[193],"Forest":[197],"offer":[198],"more":[199],"accuracy":[200],"resilience,":[202],"according":[203],"comparative":[205],"studies,":[206],"whereas":[207],"SVM":[208],"handles":[209],"complicated":[210],"categorisation":[211],"boundaries":[212],"well.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-08T00:00:00"}