{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7201833834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","title":"Teaching others reveals hidden structure in conceptual cognitive maps","display_name":"Teaching others reveals hidden structure in conceptual cognitive maps","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7201833834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.04.742691"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077906480","display_name":"Xiaoyan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2683-3807","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2683-3807"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2683-3807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121175446","display_name":"Peizheng Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peizheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084292760","display_name":"Wolfgang Omlor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1979-7147","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1979-7147"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Omlor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034384249","display_name":"Wolfram Hinzen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-4215","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-4215"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11932220","display_name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats","ror":"https://ror.org/0371hy230","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11932220"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","display_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","ror":"https://ror.org/04n0g0b29","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfram Hinzen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Translation and Language Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain","Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Translation and Language Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11932220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035580474","display_name":"Iris E. Sommer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-3262","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-3262","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2682-5313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334415907","display_name":"University Medical Center Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/03cv38k47","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334415907"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iris E. Sommer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334415907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010017762","display_name":"Philipp Homan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-148X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-148X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Homan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-148X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077906480"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12308","display_name":"Mental Health and Psychiatry","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-disorganization","display_name":"cognitive disorganization","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizotypy","display_name":"schizotypy","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychosis-spectrum","display_name":"psychosis spectrum","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-speech","display_name":"natural speech","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-description","display_name":"spatial description","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-based-learning","display_name":"image-based learning","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-strategies","display_name":"memory strategies","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-others","display_name":"teaching others","score":0.5210000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.6486999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6317999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5999000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.5716000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170494330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778434","display_name":"Cognitive map","level":3,"score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43236755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56000","display_name":"Naturalism","level":2,"score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133112747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251931","display_name":"Protocol analysis","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48164120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4491893","display_name":"Concept learning","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777727901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099410","display_name":"Schizotypy","level":3,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6143354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3622126","display_name":"Conceptual system","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778662690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3125339","display_name":"Spatial ability","level":3,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96199812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145290","display_name":"Mental representation","level":3,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197914299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18650","display_name":"Semantic memory","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167699689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1521337","display_name":"Naturalistic observation","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.04.742691","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000214310","https://openalex.org/W2034637247","https://openalex.org/W2434898965","https://openalex.org/W2854445389","https://openalex.org/W2899623761","https://openalex.org/W2923830105","https://openalex.org/W3005771263","https://openalex.org/W4226238242","https://openalex.org/W4362520587","https://openalex.org/W4387504614","https://openalex.org/W4390743230","https://openalex.org/W4404515507","https://openalex.org/W4404668410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7117115478","https://openalex.org/W7084239817","https://openalex.org/W4415455214","https://openalex.org/W2022229625","https://openalex.org/W4353016704","https://openalex.org/W1991494834","https://openalex.org/W230224843","https://openalex.org/W2559852338","https://openalex.org/W7055588171","https://openalex.org/W7095875793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Disorganized":[1],"thought":[2],"is":[3,12],"a":[4,53,94,138],"core":[5],"feature":[6],"of":[7,52,142],"the":[8,29,50,75,91,114],"psychosis":[9],"spectrum.":[10],"It":[11],"recognized,":[13],"clinically":[14],"and":[15,43,89,146],"in":[16,66],"daily":[17],"life,":[18],"through":[19],"language,":[20,128],"yet":[21],"its":[22,147],"proposed":[23],"cognitive":[24,27,68,106],"basis,":[25],"shallow":[26],"maps,":[28],"relational":[30],"structures":[31],"that":[32,49,112],"organize":[33],"knowledge,":[34],"has":[35],"been":[36],"tested":[37],"almost":[38],"exclusively":[39],"with":[40,110],"task":[41],"performance":[42],"neural":[44],"measures.":[45],"Here":[46],"we":[47],"show":[48],"organization":[51,145],"learned":[54,74],"conceptual":[55,78,143],"map":[56,144],"can":[57],"be":[58],"read":[59],"out":[60],"from":[61,80],"natural":[62],"speech.":[63],"Adults":[64],"varying":[65],"schizotypal":[67],"disorganization":[69,107],"(":[70],"n":[71],"=":[72],"107)":[73],"same":[76],"two-dimensional":[77,98],"structure":[79],"images":[81],"or":[82],"sentences,":[83],"then":[84],"described":[85],"their":[86],"memory":[87],"strategy":[88],"explained":[90],"material":[92],"to":[93,126],"novice.":[95],"Explaining":[96],"elicited":[97],"spatial":[99],"descriptions":[100],"selectively":[101,130],"after":[102,131],"image-based":[103,132],"learning.":[104,133],"Higher":[105],"was":[108],"associated":[109],"answers":[111],"tracked":[113],"question":[115],"asked":[116],"less":[117],"closely,":[118],"on":[119],"an":[120],"automated,":[121],"rater-free":[122],"embedding":[123],"measure":[124],"robust":[125],"report":[127],"again":[129],"Natural":[134],"speech":[135],"thus":[136],"provides":[137],"scalable":[139],"behavioral":[140],"readout":[141],"disorganization.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-08T00:00:00"}