{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7201833577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168076","title":"Smart Highway Pilots, Carbon Emissions, and Air Pollution: Evidence from China","display_name":"Smart Highway Pilots, Carbon Emissions, and Air Pollution: Evidence from China","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7201833577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18168076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/16/8076/pdf?version=1786110443","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/16/8076/pdf?version=1786110443","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100566915","display_name":"Shiwen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9496-2798","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9496-2798"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiwen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9496-2798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059356757","display_name":"Ganxiang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7487-1859","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7487-1859"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganxiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7487-1859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083383112","display_name":"Jiansheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5734-6095","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5734-6095"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiansheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5734-6095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137739744","display_name":"Hongyan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4681-2666","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4681-2666"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129996945","display_name":"Guilin University of Aerospace Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00h1gc758","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129996945"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongyan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aviation Services and Tourism Management, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4681-2666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aviation Services and Tourism Management, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129996945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5137739744"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129996945"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"16","first_page":"8076","last_page":"8076"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.5015000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.5015000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.423799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution","display_name":"air pollution","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm2-5","display_name":"PM2.5","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-intensity","display_name":"carbon intensity","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-road-collaboration","display_name":"vehicle-road collaboration","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-energy-vehicles","display_name":"new energy vehicles","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-carbon-transportation","display_name":"low-carbon transportation","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-transportation","display_name":"smart transportation","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.335999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.6269000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.6197999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.4991999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.4945000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157181609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364310","display_name":"Sustainable transport","level":3,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778258037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7225750","display_name":"Pollution prevention","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987853052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollutants","level":3,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54725983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337914","display_name":"Emission intensity","level":3,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75779659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18538","display_name":"Municipal solid waste","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127040729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174844","display_name":"Megacity","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909468537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Environmental pollution","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985695025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4323994","display_name":"Road traffic","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22884784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550","display_name":"Carbon sequestration","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18168076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/16/8076/pdf?version=1786110443","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18168076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/16/8076/pdf?version=1786110443","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G921673931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72464003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337368","display_name":"Division of Graduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00whkrf32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7201833577.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7201833577.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096684396","https://openalex.org/W2124158495","https://openalex.org/W2129106758","https://openalex.org/W2291174175","https://openalex.org/W2594112449","https://openalex.org/W2768575584","https://openalex.org/W2783118093","https://openalex.org/W2900494848","https://openalex.org/W2951812779","https://openalex.org/W2981441128","https://openalex.org/W2999895417","https://openalex.org/W3016318058","https://openalex.org/W3036372280","https://openalex.org/W3048785992","https://openalex.org/W3080085111","https://openalex.org/W3096846826","https://openalex.org/W3121170175","https://openalex.org/W3132854057","https://openalex.org/W3156042878","https://openalex.org/W3158431923","https://openalex.org/W3168414329","https://openalex.org/W3216107310","https://openalex.org/W4207035312","https://openalex.org/W4220939520","https://openalex.org/W4283387379","https://openalex.org/W4292808880","https://openalex.org/W4294168535","https://openalex.org/W4303684342","https://openalex.org/W4321188352","https://openalex.org/W4365149444","https://openalex.org/W4366824906","https://openalex.org/W4372279163","https://openalex.org/W4377141045","https://openalex.org/W4385275413","https://openalex.org/W4386147334","https://openalex.org/W4386591438","https://openalex.org/W4387911162","https://openalex.org/W4390752457","https://openalex.org/W4392051305","https://openalex.org/W4394893564","https://openalex.org/W4401031551","https://openalex.org/W4401689319","https://openalex.org/W4401776814","https://openalex.org/W4401836150","https://openalex.org/W4403366192","https://openalex.org/W4404123135","https://openalex.org/W4405137744","https://openalex.org/W4405705806","https://openalex.org/W4406606250","https://openalex.org/W4406731872","https://openalex.org/W4407054261","https://openalex.org/W4408195823","https://openalex.org/W4408299005","https://openalex.org/W4409326376","https://openalex.org/W4410769294","https://openalex.org/W4411582599","https://openalex.org/W4415722125","https://openalex.org/W7077074228","https://openalex.org/W7105997384","https://openalex.org/W7117889229"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400621197","https://openalex.org/W4313259554","https://openalex.org/W4399266384","https://openalex.org/W7203955594","https://openalex.org/W7172246127","https://openalex.org/W7204901911","https://openalex.org/W7203447280","https://openalex.org/W4390752457","https://openalex.org/W4412974860","https://openalex.org/W4321479840"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"digitalization":[1,185,245],"and":[2,16,31,41,51,88,130,149,166,186,193,210,225,228,235,246],"intelligent":[3,247],"transformation":[4],"of":[5,43,70,86,111,120,128,143,147,170,214,249],"transportation":[6,224,241],"have":[7],"emerged":[8],"as":[9,183],"technological":[10],"solutions":[11],"for":[12,202,232],"enhancing":[13],"traffic":[14,27],"efficiency":[15],"reducing":[17],"traffic-related":[18],"pollutants.":[19,53],"However,":[20],"existing":[21],"studies":[22],"primarily":[23],"focus":[24],"on":[25,77,222,237],"traditional":[26],"emission":[28,79],"reduction":[29,119,165,212],"measures,":[30],"there":[32],"is":[33],"limited":[34],"empirical":[35],"evidence":[36,201],"demonstrating":[37],"how":[38],"the":[39,67,71,109,112,158,163,171,206,220,244],"digitization":[40],"intelligence":[42],"road":[44,250],"infrastructure":[45,184],"can":[46],"reduce":[47],"carbon":[48,78,164,208],"dioxide":[49],"emissions":[50,83,125],"air":[52,89],"To":[54],"address":[55],"this":[56,59],"research":[57],"gap,":[58],"study":[60,197],"employed":[61],"a":[62,131,150],"difference-in-differences":[63],"methodology":[64],"to":[65,102,116,138,204,219],"investigate":[66],"causal":[68,200],"effects":[69,169],"Smart":[72],"Highways":[73],"Pilot":[74],"(SHP)":[75],"policy":[76,114,173],"intensity":[80],"(i.e.,":[81,91],"CO2":[82,124,148],"per":[84,126],"unit":[85,127],"GDP)":[87],"pollution":[90,167,211],"PM2.5":[92,135,155],"concentrations),":[93],"using":[94],"data":[95],"from":[96],"272":[97],"Chinese":[98],"cities":[99,189],"spanning":[100],"2012":[101],"2023.":[103],"Our":[104],"estimation":[105],"results":[106],"demonstrate":[107],"that":[108],"implementation":[110],"SHP":[113,172,215],"led":[115],"an":[117,139],"average":[118,140],"about":[121],"4.7%":[122],"in":[123,134,154,177],"GDP":[129],"5.1%":[132],"decrease":[133],"concentrations,":[136],"translating":[137],"annual":[141],"abatement":[142,209],"approximately":[144],"707,008":[145],"tons":[146],"2.204":[151],"\u03bcg/m3":[152],"drop":[153],"concentrations":[156],"among":[157],"sample":[159],"pilot":[160,180],"cities.":[161],"Furthermore,":[162],"mitigation":[168],"were":[174],"more":[175],"pronounced":[176],"regions":[178,236],"emphasizing":[179],"themes,":[181],"such":[182],"vehicle\u2013road":[187],"collaboration,":[188],"promoting":[190],"new-energy":[191],"vehicles,":[192],"eastern":[194],"regions.":[195],"This":[196],"provides":[198],"robust":[199],"policymakers":[203],"assess":[205],"synergistic":[207],"benefits":[213],"policies,":[216],"while":[217],"contributing":[218],"literature":[221],"smart":[223],"sustainable":[226],"development,":[227],"offering":[229],"valuable":[230],"insights":[231],"other":[233],"countries":[234],"building":[238],"green,":[239],"low-carbon":[240],"systems":[242],"through":[243],"upgrading":[248],"infrastructure.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2026-08-08T00:00:00"}