{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7200237471","doi":null,"title":"Mare Clausum atau Mare Liberum? Analisis keberadaan British di Laut China Selatan, 1600\u20131975","display_name":"Mare Clausum atau Mare Liberum? Analisis keberadaan British di Laut China Selatan, 1600\u20131975","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7200237471"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ums.edu.my:46285","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/46285/1/FULL%20TEXT.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/46285/1/FULL%20TEXT.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400331","display_name":"UMS Institutional Repository (Universiti Malaysia Sabah)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","host_organization_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116603045","display_name":"Amy Azuan Abdullah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy Azuan Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058002846","display_name":"Baszley Bee Basrah Bee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baszley Bee Basrah Beeb","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090870207","display_name":"Yusten Karulus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5769-2621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5769-2621"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusten Karulus","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8290938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13215","display_name":"Global Maritime and Colonial Histories","score":0.017899999395012856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13665","display_name":"Legal and cultural studies analysis","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-china-sea","display_name":"South China Sea","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mare-clausum","display_name":"Mare Clausum","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mare-liberum","display_name":"Mare Liberum","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-east-india-company","display_name":"British East India Company","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spratly-islands","display_name":"Spratly Islands","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maritime-sovereignty","display_name":"maritime sovereignty","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-legacy","display_name":"colonial legacy","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maritime-law","display_name":"maritime law","score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flag-raising","display_name":"flag raising","score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopolitical-competition","display_name":"geopolitical competition","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-chinese-relations","display_name":"Anglo-Chinese relations","score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china-france-relations","display_name":"Sino-French relations","score":0.7409999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15708023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Humanities","level":1,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.2467000037431717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.23070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.20630000531673431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.18160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.16179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.15700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.1404999941587448}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ums.edu.my:46285","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/46285/1/FULL%20TEXT.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/46285/1/FULL%20TEXT.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400331","display_name":"UMS Institutional Repository (Universiti Malaysia Sabah)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","host_organization_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416247485","https://openalex.org/W7200439979","https://openalex.org/W7219812786","https://openalex.org/W7220364587","https://openalex.org/W7200461456","https://openalex.org/W4405559933","https://openalex.org/W7203897131","https://openalex.org/W7202259794","https://openalex.org/W4402496222","https://openalex.org/W3026574316"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Kajian":[0,112,155,170,205],"ini":[1,80,113,171,206],"meneliti":[2],"dinamika":[3],"keberadaan":[4,209],"British":[5,40,63,86,132,174,189,210],"di":[6,153,211],"Laut":[7],"China":[8],"Selatan":[9],"(LCS)":[10],"dalam":[11,44,125,234],"tempoh":[12],"1600":[13],"hingga":[14,139],"1975":[15],"melalui":[16,74,104,157],"kerangka":[17],"pemikiran":[18],"Mare":[19,24,57,102,119,122,217,224],"Clausum":[20,103,120,225],"(laut":[21,26],"tertutup)":[22],"dan":[23,50,97,109,121,167,203,222],"Liberum":[25,58,123,218],"bebas).":[27],"LCS":[28,212],"sejak":[29],"abad":[30,83,137,141],"ke-17":[31,138],"menjadi":[32],"medan":[33],"persaingan":[34],"antara":[35,215],"kuasa-kuasa":[36],"maritim":[37,70,127,151,180,237],"Barat,":[38],"dengan":[39,198],"memainkan":[41],"peranan":[42],"penting":[43],"membentuk":[45,231],"naratif":[46],"penguasaan":[47,89,227],"laluan":[48,69],"perdagangan":[49,73],"tuntutan":[51,194],"maritim.":[52],"Bertitik":[53],"tolak":[54],"daripada":[55],"prinsip":[56,101,118,179,216,223],"yang":[59,229],"diasaskan":[60],"Hugo":[61],"Grotius,":[62],"pada":[64,82],"peringkat":[65],"awal":[66],"menggalakkan":[67],"kebebasan":[68],"untuk":[71,115,219,226],"memperluaskan":[72],"Syarikat":[75],"Hindia":[76],"Timur.":[77],"Namun,":[78],"pendekatan":[79,131,191],"berubah":[81],"ke-19":[84],"apabila":[85],"mula":[87],"memperkukuh":[88],"terhadap":[90,148],"beberapa":[91],"pulau":[92],"strategik":[93],"seperti":[94,201],"Spratly":[95],"Island":[96],"Amboyna":[98],"Cay,":[99],"mengaplikasikan":[100],"pendaftaran":[105],"hak":[106],"eksploitasi":[107],"sumber":[108],"pengibaran":[110],"bendera.":[111],"bertujuan":[114],"menganalisis":[116],"bagaimana":[117],"diterapkan":[124],"strategi":[126,176],"British,":[128],"menilai":[129],"perubahan":[130],"mengikut":[133,181],"keperluan":[134,182],"geopolitik":[135,183],"dari":[136],"pertengahan":[140],"ke-20,":[142],"serta":[143],"memahami":[144],"implikasi":[145],"warisan":[146,232],"kolonial":[147,233],"pertikaian":[149,235],"kedaulatan":[150,236],"moden":[152],"LCS.":[154],"dilaksanakan":[156],"kaedah":[158],"kualitatif":[159],"berdasarkan":[160],"analisis":[161],"dokumen":[162],"arkib":[163],"kolonial,":[164],"peta":[165],"sejarah,":[166],"laporan":[168],"rasmi.":[169],"mendapati":[172],"bahawa":[173,208],"mengamalkan":[175],"pragmatik,":[177],"menyesuaikan":[178],"semasa.":[184],"Selepas":[185],"Perang":[186],"Dunia":[187],"Kedua,":[188],"mengambil":[190],"pasif":[192],"mempertahankan":[193],"tanpa":[195],"menimbulkan":[196],"ketegangan":[197],"kuasa":[199],"serantau":[200],"China-Komunis":[202],"Perancis.":[204],"menyimpulkan":[207],"merupakan":[213],"gabungan":[214],"keuntungan":[220],"ekonomi":[221],"strategik,":[228],"seterusnya":[230],"moden.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-08-07T00:00:00"}