{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7198312281","doi":null,"title":"Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: A Synthesis of Research on its Climate Mitigation Potential and International Governance Challenges","display_name":"Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: A Synthesis of Research on its Climate Mitigation Potential and International Governance Challenges","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7198312281"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ruor.uottawa.ca:10393/46529","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10393/46529","pdf_url":"https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstreams/eb128c60-95c4-4b8c-bfcf-390ec9a2fa98/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400902","display_name":"uO Research (University of Ottawa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","host_organization_name":"University of Ottawa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Research Paper"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstreams/eb128c60-95c4-4b8c-bfcf-390ec9a2fa98/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145310710","display_name":"Jenna Painter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401200348","display_name":"Institute of the Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/02vb93k64","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931","https://openalex.org/I4401200348"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Painter, Jenna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Major Research Paper (MRP6999 ) Institute of the Environment , University of Ottawa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Major Research Paper (MRP6999 ) Institute of the Environment , University of Ottawa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931","https://openalex.org/I4401200348"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5145310710"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931","https://openalex.org/I4401200348"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12615","display_name":"Climate Change and Geoengineering","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12615","display_name":"Climate Change and Geoengineering","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry","score":0.01209999993443489,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11302","display_name":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","score":0.01119999960064888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocean-alkalinity-enhancement","display_name":"ocean alkalinity enhancement","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-carbon-dioxide-removal","display_name":"marine carbon dioxide removal","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocean-alkalinity","display_name":"ocean alkalinity","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocean-carbon-uptake","display_name":"ocean carbon uptake","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocean-carbon-storage","display_name":"ocean carbon storage","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-mitigation","display_name":"climate change mitigation","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocean-acidification","display_name":"ocean acidification","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45812177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432016","display_name":"Alkalinity","level":2,"score":0.8496000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195048187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4468919","display_name":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","level":3,"score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.5202000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509746633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653","display_name":"Climate change mitigation","level":3,"score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.491100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19829342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855711","display_name":"Ocean acidification","level":3,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778379663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5037942","display_name":"Carbon capture and storage (timeline)","level":3,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988944679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7937","display_name":"Global climate","level":3,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46002017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1657165","display_name":"Atmospheric carbon cycle","level":4,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47689588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56298528","display_name":"Carbon dioxide removal","level":3,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992417270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287919","display_name":"Atmospheric oxygen","level":3,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22884784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550","display_name":"Carbon sequestration","level":3,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80368990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459","display_name":"Earth system science","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994553857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Atmospheric emissions","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779242930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720957","display_name":"Global temperature","level":4,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ruor.uottawa.ca:10393/46529","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10393/46529","pdf_url":"https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstreams/eb128c60-95c4-4b8c-bfcf-390ec9a2fa98/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400902","display_name":"uO Research (University of Ottawa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","host_organization_name":"University of Ottawa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Research Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ruor.uottawa.ca:10393/46529","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10393/46529","pdf_url":"https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstreams/eb128c60-95c4-4b8c-bfcf-390ec9a2fa98/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400902","display_name":"uO Research (University of Ottawa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","host_organization_name":"University of Ottawa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Research Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.5769000053405762,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325263","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7198312281.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7198312281.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1649664029","https://openalex.org/W1872703860","https://openalex.org/W1963587301","https://openalex.org/W2012513182","https://openalex.org/W2046860117","https://openalex.org/W2053215763","https://openalex.org/W2081395300","https://openalex.org/W2108336980","https://openalex.org/W2146034720","https://openalex.org/W2168853549","https://openalex.org/W2170153270","https://openalex.org/W2177151980","https://openalex.org/W2399923047","https://openalex.org/W2460378268","https://openalex.org/W2625135129","https://openalex.org/W2766655465","https://openalex.org/W2767319792","https://openalex.org/W2771554719","https://openalex.org/W2788809438","https://openalex.org/W2810935090","https://openalex.org/W2943477298","https://openalex.org/W2955486010","https://openalex.org/W3037095854","https://openalex.org/W3093432062","https://openalex.org/W3113232271","https://openalex.org/W3119553517","https://openalex.org/W3124285912","https://openalex.org/W3127633696","https://openalex.org/W3139431176","https://openalex.org/W3154666021","https://openalex.org/W3167957328","https://openalex.org/W3182174386","https://openalex.org/W4205445362","https://openalex.org/W4225265503","https://openalex.org/W4285801145","https://openalex.org/W4288969743","https://openalex.org/W4300427392","https://openalex.org/W4321366460","https://openalex.org/W4327923933","https://openalex.org/W4362521556","https://openalex.org/W4362575059","https://openalex.org/W4378472361","https://openalex.org/W4379745593","https://openalex.org/W4380684463","https://openalex.org/W4382358979","https://openalex.org/W4385123314","https://openalex.org/W4385954892","https://openalex.org/W4387502233","https://openalex.org/W4388210151","https://openalex.org/W4392130248","https://openalex.org/W4393203266","https://openalex.org/W4395056159"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389051022","https://openalex.org/W7135195042","https://openalex.org/W4416839397","https://openalex.org/W7161565573","https://openalex.org/W7084094912","https://openalex.org/W4408438706","https://openalex.org/W4392590127","https://openalex.org/W4322010869","https://openalex.org/W7212142082","https://openalex.org/W4410605153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deploying":[0],"carbon":[1,56],"dioxide":[2,57],"removal":[3],"(CDR)":[4],"technologies":[5],"has":[6,36],"been":[7],"deemed":[8],"necessary":[9],"to":[10,19,24,38,46,69,83,86,142,273,366,369,410,427,481,483,504,534,570,575],"complement":[11],"drastic":[12],"emissions":[13,171],"reductions":[14],"and":[15,53,112,115,124,139,162,168,179,185,193,257,305,315,319,327,373,392,414,418,421,452,472,487,499,544,551,567,579,587],"limit":[16],"global":[17,153,267,324],"warming":[18],"well":[20],"below":[21],"2\u00b0C":[22],"compared":[23],"pre-industrial":[25],"temperatures":[26],"by":[27,79],"the":[28,31,47,71,102,113,119,148,156,160,169,221,232,238,252,302,306,313,323,370,378,387,390,447,453,459,484,584],"end":[29],"of":[30,122,130,150,158,164,176,195,317,389,449,589],"century":[32],"(IPCC,":[33],"2023).":[34,97,208,468,521],"Attention":[35],"turned":[37],"deploying":[39,419],"CDR":[40,107,537],"in":[41,237,265,362],"marine":[42,239,307,371,485,549],"environments":[43],"(mCDR)":[44],"due":[45,141,365,480],"ocean\u2019s":[48,72],"natural":[49,89,184],"capacity":[50,75,91],"for":[51,76,135,291,442,458,527,592],"sequestering":[52],"storing":[54],"atmospheric":[55,77,136,196,259],"(CO2).":[58],"Ocean":[59],"alkalinity":[60],"enhancement":[61],"(OAE)":[62],"is":[63,330,408,502,532,573],"an":[64,228,577],"mCDR":[65,125,340,363,406,423,443,470,512,571,590],"approach":[66,508,569],"that":[67,190,213,509,582],"aims":[68],"increase":[70,199],"chemical":[73],"storage":[74,140,194],"CO2":[78,137,197,226,233,255,260],"adding":[80],"alkaline":[81,165,187],"materials":[82,188],"its":[84,88,299,320],"surface":[85,268],"enhance":[87],"buffering":[90],"(Kheshgi,":[92],"1995;":[93],"Wang":[94],"et":[95,206,243,247,280,284,333,337,352,400,433,437,462,491,515,554,562,596,600,604],"al.,":[96,207,244,248,281,285,334,338,353,401,434,438,463,492,516,555,563,597,601,605],"This":[98],"scoping":[99],"review":[100],"synthesized":[101],"academic":[103],"literature":[104],"on":[105,301,322,386,394,405,548],"OAE\u2019s":[106,289,536,546],"potential,":[108],"climate":[109,292,303,325,374,528,593],"mitigation":[110,594],"benefits,":[111],"opportunities":[114,588],"challenges":[116,431,441,586],"associated":[117],"with":[118,251],"international":[120,348,455],"governance":[121,349,364,430,444,507,572],"OAE":[123,131,151,181,209,215,276,318,420,522],"approaches.":[126],"Earth":[127],"model":[128,144,174],"scenarios":[129,175,211,277],"show":[132],"different":[133,540],"potentials":[134],"uptake":[138,192,256],"varying":[143],"parameters,":[145],"such":[146,376],"as":[147,377],"scale":[149],"(e.g.,":[152,200,241,278],"or":[154],"regional),":[155],"location":[157],"OAE,":[159,343],"amount":[161],"type":[163],"material":[166],"added,":[167],"forecasted":[170],"pathway.":[172],"Overall,":[173],"global,":[177],"regional,":[178],"coastal":[180],"using":[182],"various":[183],"synthetic":[186],"indicate":[189,212],"oceanic":[191,254],"would":[198],"Jin":[201,557],"&":[202,466,519,558],"Cao,":[203,559],"2023;":[204,245,560],"Fakhraee":[205],"termination":[210],"once":[214],"ceases":[216],"after":[217],"a":[218,506,524],"certain":[219],"period,":[220],"ocean":[222,328,460],"stops":[223],"taking":[224],"up":[225],"at":[227],"enhanced":[229,253],"rate;":[230],"however,":[231],"previously":[234],"sequestered":[235],"remains":[236],"environment":[240,372,486],"Ilyina":[242],"Keller":[246],"2014).":[249],"Corresponding":[250],"reduced":[258],"concentrations,":[261],"future":[262],"projected":[263],"increases":[264],"average":[266],"air":[269],"temperature":[270],"are":[271,425],"predicted":[272],"decrease":[274],"under":[275,539],"Gonzalez":[279],"2018;":[282,517],"Sonntag":[283],"2018).":[286,339,402,564,606],"However,":[287,355],"despite":[288],"potential":[290,448,526,538],"mitigation,":[293],"numerous":[294,356,429],"knowledge":[295],"gaps":[296],"remain":[297],"regarding":[298],"impact":[300,547],"system":[304,326,542],"environment.":[308],"Future":[309,530],"multi-model":[310],"research":[311,404,471,501,531],"into":[312],"effectiveness":[314,413],"feasibility":[316],"influence":[321],"ecology":[329],"required":[331,574],"(Butenschan":[332],"2021;":[335,435,464],"Lenton":[336,561],"approaches,":[341],"including":[342],"have":[344,359,476],"no":[345],"legally":[346],"binding":[347],"regimes":[350],"(Bach":[351,595],"2024).":[354],"frameworks":[357],"likely":[358,475],"implicit":[360],"roles":[361],"their":[367,412],"connections":[368],"change,":[375],"London":[379],"Protocol,":[380],"Paris":[381],"Agreement,":[382],"United":[383],"Nations":[384],"Convention":[385,393],"Law":[388],"Sea,":[391],"Biological":[395],"Diversity":[396],"(Gambardella,":[397],"2019;":[398],"McGee":[399,603],"While":[403],"approaches":[407,513,591],"needed":[409,503,533],"evaluate":[411],"impacts,":[415],"experimental":[416],"groundwork":[417],"other":[422],"techniques":[424],"expected":[426],"face":[428],"(Gattuso":[432],"Sovacool":[436],"2022).":[439],"Substantial":[440],"stem":[445],"from":[446],"transboundary":[450],"harm":[451],"fragmented":[454],"law":[456],"framework":[457,581],"(Boettcher":[461],"Roschel":[465,518],"Neumann,":[467,520],"Further,":[469],"deployment":[473],"will":[474],"low":[477],"social":[478],"acceptability":[479],"risks":[482],"human":[488],"well-being":[489],"(Cox":[490],"2021).":[493],"To":[494],"address":[495],"these":[496],"challenges,":[497],"transdisciplinary":[498,568],"inclusive":[500,566],"develop":[505],"comprehensively":[510],"assesses":[511],"(McGee":[514],"displays":[523],"strong":[525],"mitigation.":[529],"assess":[535],"earth":[541],"models":[543],"determine":[545],"ecosystems":[550],"biodiversity":[552],"(Feng":[553],"2017;":[556],"An":[565],"create":[576],"extensive":[578],"foresighted":[580],"addresses":[583],"unique":[585],"2024;":[598],"Loomis":[599],"2022;":[602]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-08-07T00:00:00"}
