{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7196971240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944","title":"Structural Limits to Proto-Life Emergence: Evidence from Maximum-Entropy Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Structural Limits to Proto-Life Emergence: Evidence from Maximum-Entropy Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7196971240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/13944/6850","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ddh","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/13944/6850","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012621810","display_name":"Fayzeh Abdulkareem Jaber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1732-897X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1732-897X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I300940544","display_name":"University of Technology Bahrain","ror":"https://ror.org/00h15ta02","country_code":"BH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I300940544"]}],"countries":["BH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fayzeh Abdulkareem Jaber","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology Bahrain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology Bahrain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I300940544"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140776723","display_name":"Saeed  Serwan Abdulsattar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8340-5472","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8340-5472"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106663880","display_name":"University of Bahrain","ror":"https://ror.org/0317ekv86","country_code":"BH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106663880"]}],"countries":["BH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Serwan Abdulsattar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bahrain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bahrain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106663880"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006615312","display_name":"Hani Al\u2010Balasmeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-0769","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-0769"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I300940544","display_name":"University of Technology Bahrain","ror":"https://ror.org/00h15ta02","country_code":"BH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I300940544"]}],"countries":["BH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hani Al-Balasmeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology Bahrain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology Bahrain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I300940544"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49646792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"14","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/origin-of-life","display_name":"origin of life","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocells","display_name":"protocells","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-entropy-reinforcement-learning","display_name":"maximum entropy reinforcement learning","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-actor-critic","display_name":"soft actor-critic","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-expressivity","display_name":"model expressivity","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-integrity","display_name":"membrane integrity","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-memory","display_name":"internal memory","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-structure","display_name":"feedback structure","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling-strength","display_name":"coupling strength","score":0.5490000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60798267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1226939","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780917649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5168030","display_name":"Coordination failure","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129537906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603913","display_name":"State variable","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984634286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331926","display_name":"Decision process","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/13944/6850","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ddh","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:neshe.ijs.si:article/13944","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/index/article/view/13944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ddh","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.31449/inf.v50i14","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i14.13944","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/13944/6850","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ddh","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7196971240.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7196971240.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009131449","https://openalex.org/W2061543242","https://openalex.org/W2088436299","https://openalex.org/W2100907140","https://openalex.org/W2775472649","https://openalex.org/W2904246096","https://openalex.org/W2919912236","https://openalex.org/W2996665395","https://openalex.org/W3119576573","https://openalex.org/W3208668617","https://openalex.org/W4221128536","https://openalex.org/W4225157601","https://openalex.org/W4252448101","https://openalex.org/W4407903031"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7167504276","https://openalex.org/W7108081653","https://openalex.org/W2312512572","https://openalex.org/W2129902905","https://openalex.org/W7081662964","https://openalex.org/W2127723087","https://openalex.org/W7139995362","https://openalex.org/W2046580062","https://openalex.org/W7160593158","https://openalex.org/W7098589896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"whether":[3],"failures":[4],"of":[5,87,170,179],"proto-life":[6],"emergence":[7,169],"are":[8,165],"primarily":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,39,103,128],"limited":[12],"optimization":[13,152],"orto":[14],"insufficient":[15],"model":[16,181],"expressivity.":[17],"We":[18],"formulate":[19],"an":[20],"abstract":[21,53],"protocell-inspired":[22],"environment":[23,47],"as":[24,41,188],"a":[25,31,37,42,135,189],"continuouscontrolMarkov":[26],"decision":[27],"process":[28],"and":[29,57,71,109,120,125,143,162],"train":[30],"Soft":[32],"Actor\u2013Critic":[33],"(SAC)":[34],"agent":[35],"under":[36],"maximum-entropyobjective":[38],"act":[40],"strong":[43,150],"exploration-preserving":[44],"optimizer.":[45],"The":[46,183],"includes":[48],"protein-like":[49],"concentrationdynamics,":[50],"membrane":[51],"integrity,":[52],"functional":[54,82],"role":[55,83],"coverage,":[56,84],"division-like":[58],"events,":[59],"whileexpressivity":[60],"is":[61,74,173],"varied":[62],"through":[63],"three":[64],"regimes":[65,127],"controlling":[66],"coupling":[67],"strength,":[68],"feedback":[69,142],"structure,":[70],"internalmemory.":[72],"Performance":[73],"evaluated":[75],"using":[76],"survival":[77,92],"rate,":[78,80],"success":[79,96],"mean":[81],"andmean":[85],"number":[86],"division":[88,116],"events.":[89],"Across":[90],"regimes,":[91],"reached":[93],"100%,":[94],"but":[95],"increased":[97],"from":[98,118],"67.5%in":[99],"the":[100,106,112,123,131,168,176,180],"low-expressivity":[101],"regime":[102,108],"97.5%":[104],"in":[105,111,122,130,196],"mid":[107,126],"100%":[110],"high":[113,132],"regime.":[114],"Mean":[115],"countrose":[117],"7.58":[119],"9.05":[121],"low":[124],"34.58":[129],"regime,":[133],"indicating":[134],"qualitativetransition":[136],"toward":[137],"growth-dominated":[138],"behavior":[139,172],"once":[140],"stronger":[141],"memory":[144],"were":[145],"available.":[146],"Theseresults":[147],"show":[148],"that":[149],"entropy-regularized":[151],"alone":[153],"does":[154],"not":[155],"guarantee":[156],"life-like":[157],"organizationwhen":[158],"essential":[159],"state":[160],"variables":[161],"interaction":[163],"mechanisms":[164],"absent.":[166],"Rather,":[167],"sustainedproto-biological":[171],"bounded":[174],"by":[175],"representational":[177],"structure":[178],"itself.":[182],"findingsposition":[184],"maximum-entropy":[185],"reinforcement":[186],"learning":[187],"diagnostic":[190],"tool":[191],"for":[192],"identifying":[193],"missing":[194],"structuralingredients":[195],"computational":[197],"origin-of-life":[198],"models.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-07T00:00:00"}