{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7172452166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","title":"Population Growth, Real GDP Per Capita, and Economic Welfare in Somalia, 1960\u20132024","display_name":"Population Growth, Real GDP Per Capita, and Economic Welfare in Somalia, 1960\u20132024","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7172452166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279464","display_name":"Open Research Africa","issn_l":"2752-6925","issn":["2752-6925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Research Africa","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141155821","display_name":"Abdibasit Farah Hersi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1369-4411","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1369-4411"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdibasit Farah Hersi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Management Science Mogadishu Banaadir Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Management Science, Jobkey University, Mogadishu, Somalia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1369-4411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Management Science Mogadishu Banaadir Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Management Science, Jobkey University, Mogadishu, Somalia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134908049","display_name":"Ismail Mahamoud Yousuf\u00b3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7352-8697","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7352-8697"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail Mahamoud Yousuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Operations Bosaso Puntland Citycot Institute for Applied Research and Innovation (CIARI)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7352-8697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Operations Bosaso Puntland Citycot Institute for Applied Research and Innovation (CIARI)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133289654","display_name":"Yahye Abdalle Jama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3661-9277","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3661-9277"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahye Abdalle Jama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Citycot Institute for Applied Research and Innovation (CIARI) Bosaso Puntland Citycot Institute for Applied Research and Innovation (CIARI), Bosaso, Puntland, Somalia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3661-9277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Citycot Institute for Applied Research and Innovation (CIARI) Bosaso Puntland Citycot Institute for Applied Research and Innovation (CIARI), Bosaso, Puntland, Somalia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141010047","display_name":"Abdihakim Hussein Osman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405280575","display_name":"CITYCOT University","ror":"https://ror.org/034bvnd29","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405280575"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdihakim Hussein Osman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of the President Bosaso Puntland Citycot University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of the President Bosaso Puntland Citycot University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405280575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"54","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.061500001698732376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.014700000174343586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"population growth","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-gdp-per-capita","display_name":"real GDP per capita","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-welfare","display_name":"economic welfare","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/living-standards","display_name":"living standards","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate-economic-growth","display_name":"aggregate economic growth","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty","display_name":"poverty","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidimensional-poverty","display_name":"multidimensional poverty","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-development-index","display_name":"Human Development Index","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-decomposition","display_name":"growth decomposition","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/somalia","display_name":"Somalia","score":0.843999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181683161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301159","display_name":"Real gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.8083999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.767799973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.6930999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6877999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5909000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148179231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692251","display_name":"Aggregate income","level":4,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77352025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386191","display_name":"Population growth","level":3,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160443848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45918","display_name":"Per capita income","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178549432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610518","display_name":"Gross private domestic investment","level":5,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778058735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692253","display_name":"Aggregate data","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779735493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38994","display_name":"Human Development Index","level":3,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777885895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1932544","display_name":"Real wages","level":3,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32235935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q350151","display_name":"National accounts","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63854197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796024","display_name":"GDP deflator","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169733012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613416","display_name":"Population size","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020798462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty rate","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72313537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610489","display_name":"Gross domestic income","level":5,"score":0.2517000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.25029999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543383583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11188","display_name":"World population","level":3,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279464","display_name":"Open Research Africa","issn_l":"2752-6925","issn":["2752-6925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Research Africa","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/openresafrica.16832.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279464","display_name":"Open Research Africa","issn_l":"2752-6925","issn":["2752-6925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Research Africa","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.833299994468689}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968476883","https://openalex.org/W2027746017","https://openalex.org/W2041200510","https://openalex.org/W2051147555","https://openalex.org/W2066623064","https://openalex.org/W2070631858","https://openalex.org/W2081330692","https://openalex.org/W2098589686","https://openalex.org/W2099268311","https://openalex.org/W2109983470","https://openalex.org/W2123405189","https://openalex.org/W2146223805","https://openalex.org/W2152140013","https://openalex.org/W2159081121","https://openalex.org/W2162484441","https://openalex.org/W2166974667","https://openalex.org/W2168605160","https://openalex.org/W2216067175","https://openalex.org/W2254821843","https://openalex.org/W2518238763","https://openalex.org/W2893647211","https://openalex.org/W2910573377","https://openalex.org/W2951567799","https://openalex.org/W2994756033","https://openalex.org/W3122074090","https://openalex.org/W3124166904","https://openalex.org/W3125412951","https://openalex.org/W4253884756","https://openalex.org/W4292229879","https://openalex.org/W4298413470","https://openalex.org/W4376505193","https://openalex.org/W4394961558","https://openalex.org/W4399567374","https://openalex.org/W4409447064","https://openalex.org/W4410028239","https://openalex.org/W4410188224","https://openalex.org/W7169830328"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411077099","https://openalex.org/W7165615034","https://openalex.org/W4414207355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Somalia\u2019s":[1,258],"nominal":[2,65],"gross":[3],"domestic":[4],"product":[5],"increased":[6,137,218],"from":[7,61,81],"approximately":[8,139,160,199],"US$0.18":[9],"billion":[10,15],"in":[11,16,26,30,41,49,73,166,179,236,242,267],"1960":[12,172],"to":[13,111,128],"US$11.97":[14],"2024.":[17],"However,":[18,202],"aggregate":[19,90,152,169,216,259],"economic":[20,47,260],"growth":[21,104,107,145,153,157],"may":[22],"not":[23],"reflect":[24],"improvements":[25],"living":[27],"standards,":[28],"particularly":[29],"countries":[31,250],"with":[32,143],"rapid":[33],"population":[34,116,144],"growth.":[35,119],"This":[36],"study":[37],"examined":[38],"long-term":[39,164,265],"changes":[40],"real":[42,69,89,96,151,168,173,193,215,220,278],"GDP":[43,70,97,134,194,221,279],"per":[44,71,98,135,195,222,269,280],"capita":[45,72,99,136,196,223],"and":[46,68,106,117,123,149,181,244,284],"welfare":[48],"Somalia.":[50],"Methods":[51],"A":[52],"descriptive":[53],"longitudinal":[54],"analysis":[55],"was":[56,92,176],"conducted":[57],"using":[58,277],"annual":[59,103],"data":[60],"1960\u20132024.":[62],"Data":[63],"on":[64,251],"GDP,":[66],"population,":[67],"constant":[74],"2015":[75],"US":[76],"dollars":[77],"were":[78,109,126,239],"obtained":[79],"primarily":[80],"the":[82,113,130,163,203,208,232,252],"World":[83,85],"Bank\u2019s":[84],"Development":[86,255],"Indicators.":[87],"Derived":[88],"output":[91,217,268],"calculated":[93],"by":[94,100,138,198],"multiplying":[95],"population.":[101],"Compound":[102],"rates":[105],"decomposition":[108],"used":[110,127],"estimate":[112],"contributions":[114],"of":[115,146,154,162,228,248],"per-capita":[118],"Recent":[120],"official":[121],"poverty":[122,234,282],"human-development":[124,286],"indicators":[125],"contextualize":[129],"findings.":[131],"Results":[132],"Real":[133],"0.6%":[140],"annually,":[141],"compared":[142],"about":[147],"3.0%":[148],"derived":[150,167,214],"3.6%.":[155],"Population":[156],"accounted":[158],"for":[159],"83%":[161],"increase":[165],"output.":[170],"The":[171,185],"GDP-per-capita":[174],"level":[175,205],"first":[177],"exceeded":[178],"2010":[180],"remained":[182,206],"above":[183],"thereafter.":[184],"strongest":[186],"sustained":[187],"improvement":[188,266],"occurred":[189],"during":[190],"2012\u20132019,":[191],"when":[192],"grew":[197],"4.4%":[200],"annually.":[201],"2024":[204],"below":[207,231],"2017":[209],"peak.":[210],"In":[211,225],"12":[212],"years,":[213],"while":[219],"declined.":[224],"addition,":[226],"54.4%":[227],"Somalis":[229],"lived":[230],"national":[233],"line":[235],"2022,":[237],"67.0%":[238],"multidimensionally":[240],"poor":[241],"2024,":[243],"Somalia":[245],"ranked":[246],"192nd":[247],"193":[249],"2023":[253],"Human":[254],"Index.":[256],"Conclusions":[257],"expansion":[261],"has":[262],"produced":[263],"limited":[264],"person.":[270],"Economic":[271],"performance":[272],"should":[273],"therefore":[274],"be":[275],"assessed":[276],"capita,":[281],"reduction,":[283],"broader":[285],"outcomes.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-08-05T00:00:00"}