{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7171632136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6676818","title":"Distributed Open Justice Oversight (DOJO): A Community-Driven, Modality-Agnostic Platform for Adversarial Evaluation of Health AI","display_name":"Distributed Open Justice Oversight (DOJO): A Community-Driven, Modality-Agnostic Platform for Adversarial Evaluation of Health AI","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7171632136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6676818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6676818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6676818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6676818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6676818","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122899827","display_name":"Alexa Q. Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9087-0178","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9087-0178"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexa Q. Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ohio State University (OSU), Blankenship Hall-2010, 901 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH OH 43210, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio State University (OSU), Blankenship Hall-2010, 901 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH OH 43210, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Takeshi Tohyama","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takeshi Tohyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alexander Cole Bank","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7300-8180","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7300-8180"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Cole Bank","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7300-8180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135409600","display_name":"Quang Bui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7702-116X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7702-116X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quang Bui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scientific AI for Development (SAID) Lab, Glanzinggasse 38, Vienna, 1190, Austria","Synthica, Glanzinggasse 38, Vienna, 1190, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7702-116X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scientific AI for Development (SAID) Lab, Glanzinggasse 38, Vienna, 1190, Austria","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Synthica, Glanzinggasse 38, Vienna, 1190, Austria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076259250","display_name":"Rahul Gorijavolu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4386-957X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4386-957X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Gorijavolu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20036-1984, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4386-957X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20036-1984, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103796707","display_name":"John Anderson Garc\u00eda Henao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4577-5144","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4577-5144"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124057","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik Balgrist","ror":"https://ror.org/02yzaka98","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124057"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Anderson Garcia Henao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zurich - Balgrist University Hospital"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4577-5144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich - Balgrist University Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I4210124057"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046879949","display_name":"Nikhil Jaiswal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6213-0316","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6213-0316"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikhil Jaiswal","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6213-0316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119179277","display_name":"Akshay I. Kelshiker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5056-5335","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5056-5335"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129975664","display_name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/05cf8a891","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129975664","https://openalex.org/I4210112371"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akshay Kelshiker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Albert Einstein College of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5056-5335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129975664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135149585","display_name":"Kaushik Madapati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4248-6519","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4248-6519"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Madapati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4248-6519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054612807","display_name":"Sebasti\u00e1n Andr\u00e9s Cajas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-6178","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-6178"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian A. Caj\u00e1s Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Laboratory for Computational Physiology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-6178","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Laboratory for Computational Physiology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135231427","display_name":"Milit Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9179-267X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9179-267X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milit Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Laboratory for Computational Physiology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Laboratory for Computational Physiology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113340360","display_name":"Nina Prakash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-0694","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-0694"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nina Prakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031401755","display_name":"Leo Anthony Celi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-6626","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-6626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo Anthony Celi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Cambridge, MA 20139, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-6626","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Cambridge, MA 20139, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122899827"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.006000000052154064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-evaluation","display_name":"adversarial evaluation","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-ai","display_name":"clinical AI","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-bias","display_name":"algorithmic bias","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shortcut-learning","display_name":"shortcut learning","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"robustness","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure-modes","display_name":"failure modes","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deployment-readiness","display_name":"deployment readiness","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-in-the-loop-validation","display_name":"human-in-the-loop validation","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-assessment","display_name":"continuous assessment","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-platform","display_name":"open-source platform","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-equity","display_name":"AI equity","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability","display_name":"generalizability","score":0.550000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6995000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6577000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6452999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5813999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.474700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154874363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518464","display_name":"Medical classification","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6676818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6676818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6676818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6676818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6676818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6676818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168105253","https://openalex.org/W4414779112","https://openalex.org/W4393247772","https://openalex.org/W7171702792","https://openalex.org/W4392237966","https://openalex.org/W4415844408","https://openalex.org/W7134893994","https://openalex.org/W4413181919","https://openalex.org/W7160888100","https://openalex.org/W7139981690"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-07-30T00:00:00"}