{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7171532668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70980","title":"Explainable Machine Learning With Hybrid Feature Selection for Thyroid Disease Classification: A Case Study in Bangladesh","display_name":"Explainable Machine Learning With Hybrid Feature Selection for Thyroid Disease Classification: A Case Study in Bangladesh","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7171532668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/eng2.70980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199257","display_name":"Engineering Reports","issn_l":"2577-8196","issn":["2577-8196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70980","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005214948","display_name":"Md. Minhajul Abedin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102782458","display_name":"Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052qsay17","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Minhajul Abedin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology  Chittagong Bangladesh","Mahdy Research Academy  Dhaka Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology  Chittagong Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahdy Research Academy  Dhaka Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135514483","display_name":"Arka Chakraborty","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102782458","display_name":"Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052qsay17","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arka Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology  Chittagong Bangladesh","Mahdy Research Academy  Dhaka Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology  Chittagong Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahdy Research Academy  Dhaka Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133076870","display_name":"Sawrav Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6212-3601","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6212-3601"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102782458","display_name":"Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052qsay17","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sawrav Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology  Chittagong Bangladesh","Mahdy Research Academy  Dhaka Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6212-3601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology  Chittagong Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahdy Research Academy  Dhaka Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068462234","display_name":"Manoshi Das Turjo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3431-1419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3431-1419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157386601","display_name":"North South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdbfp45","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manoshi Das Turjo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mahdy Research Academy  Dhaka Bangladesh","North South University  Dhaka Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahdy Research Academy  Dhaka Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North South University  Dhaka Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087630523","display_name":"Aditta Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8610-8287","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8610-8287"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102782458","display_name":"Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052qsay17","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditta Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology  Chittagong Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8610-8287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology  Chittagong Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012837694","display_name":"M. R. C. Mahdy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3737-0315","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3737-0315"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157386601","display_name":"North South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdbfp45","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahdy Rahman Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["NSU Center of Quantum Computing, North South University  Dhaka Bangladesh","North South University  Dhaka Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3737-0315","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NSU Center of Quantum Computing, North South University  Dhaka Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North South University  Dhaka Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012837694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60603658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"8","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10293","display_name":"Thyroid Disorders and Treatments","score":0.010400000028312206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10329","display_name":"Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-disease-classification","display_name":"thyroid disease classification","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-feature-selection","display_name":"hybrid feature selection","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance-threshold","display_name":"variance threshold","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catboost","display_name":"CatBoost","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bagging-ensemble","display_name":"bagging ensemble","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap","display_name":"SHAP","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lime","display_name":"lime","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-stimulating-hormone","display_name":"thyroid-stimulating hormone","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-thyroxine","display_name":"free thyroxine","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperthyroidism","display_name":"hyperthyroidism","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypothyroidism","display_name":"hypothyroidism","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subclinical-thyroid-dysfunction","display_name":"subclinical thyroid dysfunction","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euthyroidism","display_name":"euthyroidism","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support","display_name":"clinical decision support","score":0.5270000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7767999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7585999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113280763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2326546","display_name":"Subclinical infection","level":2,"score":0.6291000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780176905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6673122","display_name":"Thyroid disease","level":3,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163864269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107106","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526584372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16399","display_name":"Thyroid","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776869705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661443","display_name":"Endocrine disease","level":4,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/eng2.70980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199257","display_name":"Engineering Reports","issn_l":"2577-8196","issn":["2577-8196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:72e7abc56bc64f80956c0986d33ec1f3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/72e7abc56bc64f80956c0986d33ec1f3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Reports, Vol 8, Iss 8, Pp n/a-n/a (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/eng2.70980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199257","display_name":"Engineering Reports","issn_l":"2577-8196","issn":["2577-8196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9940000176429749}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.5535266995429993}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2982083378","https://openalex.org/W3157316472","https://openalex.org/W3203896629","https://openalex.org/W4291415503","https://openalex.org/W4294301063","https://openalex.org/W4372053733","https://openalex.org/W4390534403","https://openalex.org/W4399203340","https://openalex.org/W4399939200","https://openalex.org/W4404594275","https://openalex.org/W4406124952","https://openalex.org/W4415821316","https://openalex.org/W7131679675","https://openalex.org/W7134226864","https://openalex.org/W7147218270"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Thyroid":[1],"disease":[2,137],"is":[3],"a":[4,37,173],"prevalent":[5],"endocrine":[6],"disorder":[7],"that":[8],"requires":[9],"early":[10],"and":[11,30,47,69,77,96,108,125,131,145,155,168,191,229,237,248,266,283],"accurate":[12,29],"diagnosis":[13],"for":[14,121,134,160,212],"effective":[15],"treatment.":[16],"Machine":[17],"learning":[18],"(ML)":[19],"techniques":[20],"have":[21],"demonstrated":[22],"remarkable":[23],"potential":[24],"in":[25,242],"this":[26],"domain,":[27],"offering":[28],"efficient":[31],"diagnostic":[32],"tools.":[33],"This":[34,127],"study":[35,128],"explores":[36],"systematic":[38],"approach":[39],"involving":[40],"Exploratory":[41],"Data":[42],"Analysis":[43],"(EDA),":[44],"feature":[45,206,235],"engineering,":[46],"extensive":[48],"model":[49,123,238,258],"evaluation":[50],"to":[51,233,291],"detect":[52],"thyroid":[53,136],"disease.":[54],"A":[55,197],"total":[56],"of":[57,66,176,181,185,189,195],"348":[58],"patient":[59],"records":[60],"collected":[61],"at":[62],"the":[63,118,164,213,253,270],"National":[64],"Institute":[65],"Nuclear":[67],"Medicine":[68],"Allied":[70],"Sciences":[71],"(NINMAS),":[72],"Dhaka,":[73],"Bangladesh,":[74],"between":[75],"October":[76],"December":[78],"2024":[79],"were":[80,231],"analyzed.":[81],"The":[82,101],"dataset":[83,102],"comprised":[84],"217":[85],"euthyroid,":[86,140],"51":[87],"clinical":[88,94,293],"hyperthyroid,":[89,92,141],"33":[90],"subclinical":[91,98,143,146],"28":[93],"hypothyroid,":[95,142,144],"19":[97],"hypothyroid":[99],"cases.":[100],"was":[103],"partitioned":[104],"into":[105],"70%":[106],"training":[107,119],"30%":[109],"testing":[110],"sets,":[111],"with":[112,178,201],"10\u2010fold":[113],"stratified":[114,153],"cross\u2010validation":[115],"performed":[116],"on":[117,287],"set":[120,159],"robust":[122,161,273],"development":[124],"evaluation.":[126],"evaluates":[129],"conventional":[130],"ensemble":[132],"algorithms":[133],"multiclass":[135],"diagnosis,":[138],"encompassing":[139],"hyperthyroid":[147],"categories.":[148],"Validation":[149],"employed":[150],"patient\u2010disjoint":[151],"partitioning,":[152],"cross\u2010validation,":[154],"an":[156],"independent":[157],"hold\u2010out":[158],"generalization.":[162],"In":[163],"full\u2010feature":[165],"baseline,":[166],"CatBoost":[167],"Bagging":[169,214],"Ensemble":[170,215],"classifiers":[171],"attained":[172],"test":[174],"accuracy":[175],"96.15%,":[177],"macro\u2010averaged":[179],"F1":[180,184],"94.90%,":[182],"weighted":[183],"96.09%,":[186],"Cohen's":[187],"kappa":[188],"93.29%,":[190],"Matthews":[192],"correlation":[193],"coefficient":[194],"93.37%.":[196],"Variance":[198],"Threshold":[199],"(VT)":[200],"Mutual":[202],"Information":[203],"Gain":[204],"(MI)":[205],"selection":[207],"framework":[208,271],"preserved":[209],"these":[210],"metrics":[211],"while":[216,279],"reducing":[217],"dimensionality,":[218],"enhancing":[219],"interpretability":[220],"without":[221],"compromising":[222],"accuracy.":[223],"Explainable":[224],"AI":[225],"(XAI)":[226],"techniques,":[227],"SHAP":[228],"LIME,":[230],"used":[232],"interpret":[234],"importance":[236],"behavior,":[239],"ensuring":[240],"transparency":[241],"decision\u2010making.":[243],"Interpretability":[244],"analysis":[245],"revealed":[246],"TSH":[247],"free":[249],"thyroxine":[250],"(FT4)":[251],"as":[252],"most":[254],"influential":[255],"biomarkers":[256],"driving":[257],"outputs.":[259],"Although":[260],"constrained":[261],"by":[262],"limited":[263],"sample":[264],"size":[265],"single\u2010center":[267],"data":[268],"acquisition,":[269],"achieved":[272],"internal":[274],"validation":[275,286],"metrics.":[276],"These":[277],"results,":[278],"promising,":[280],"remain":[281],"provisional":[282],"require":[284],"external":[285],"larger,":[288],"multi\u2010institutional":[289],"cohorts":[290],"establish":[292],"generalizability.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-21T07:43:02.447757","created_date":"2026-07-29T00:00:00"}
