{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7170082472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3","title":"Identifying the shared genetic architecture among severe COVID-19, type 2 diabetes, and obesity using cross-trait meta-analysis","display_name":"Identifying the shared genetic architecture among severe COVID-19, type 2 diabetes, and obesity using cross-trait meta-analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7170082472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-63056-3_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-63056-3_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143426227","display_name":"Seunghwan Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9943-9894","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9943-9894"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunghwan Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091755573","display_name":"Jieun Seo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1319-832X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1319-832X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieun Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643662","display_name":"Taesung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-590X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-590X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taesung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-590X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049926880","display_name":"Wonil Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-6247","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-6247"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wonil Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea","Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-6247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049926880","https://openalex.org/A5100643662"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I141371507"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58911921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-covid-19","display_name":"severe COVID-19","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index","display_name":"body mass index","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waist-circumference","display_name":"waist circumference","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waist-to-hip-ratio","display_name":"waist-to-hip ratio","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-correlation","display_name":"genetic correlation","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleiotropy","display_name":"pleiotropy","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-genetic-architecture","display_name":"genetic overlap","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcriptome-wide-association-study","display_name":"transcriptome-wide association study","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candidate-genes","display_name":"candidate genes","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-dysfunction","display_name":"metabolic dysfunction","score":0.8289999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9287583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532883","display_name":"Genetic architecture","level":4,"score":0.6028000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4068000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993967602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532932","display_name":"Genetic variants","level":4,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68873052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856","display_name":"Genetic variation","level":3,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189206191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046","display_name":"Genomics","level":4,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501734568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918","display_name":"Mutation","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106208931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098876","display_name":"Genome-wide association study","level":5,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-63056-3_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63056-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-63056-3_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6215498447418213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3524444035","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2021-NR056924","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G960853366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2021-NR060140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7170082472.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7170082472.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,66],"explores":[2],"the":[3,42,47,92,129],"shared":[4,83,159],"genetic":[5,48,72,84,140],"architecture":[6],"between":[7,74,142],"severe":[8,45,75,143,156],"COVID-19":[9,76,144,157,173],"and":[10,26,36,69,77,122,135,145,162,166],"metabolic":[11,78,146,152,170],"traits":[12],"such":[13,33],"as":[14,34],"type":[15],"2":[16],"diabetes":[17],"(T2D),":[18],"body":[19],"mass":[20],"index":[21],"(BMI),":[22],"waist":[23],"circumference":[24],"(WC),":[25],"waist-to-hip":[27],"ratio":[28],"(WHR).":[29],"While":[30],"chronic":[31],"conditions":[32],"T2D":[35],"obesity":[37],"are":[38],"known":[39],"to":[40,172],"increase":[41],"risk":[43],"of":[44,95],"COVID-19,":[46],"mechanisms":[49,167],"underlying":[50],"these":[51,96],"associations":[52],"remain":[53],"unclear.":[54],"To":[55,90],"address":[56],"this":[57],"gap,":[58],"we":[59,98],"performed":[60],"cross-trait":[61],"meta-analyses":[62],"using":[63,128],"genome-wide":[64],"association":[65,101],"(GWAS)":[67],"data":[68],"identified":[70,110],"significant":[71],"correlations":[73],"traits.":[79,147],"Subsequent":[80],"analyses":[81,109,127],"revealed":[82,138],"loci,":[85],"indicating":[86],"potential":[87],"pleiotropic":[88],"effects.":[89],"assess":[91],"functional":[93],"relevance":[94],"findings,":[97],"conducted":[99],"transcriptome-wide":[100],"studies":[102],"(TWAS)":[103],"across":[104],"multiple":[105],"tissues.":[106,124],"The":[107],"TWAS":[108],"key":[111],"genes":[112,165],"significantly":[113],"associated":[114],"with":[115],"metabolically":[116],"relevant":[117],"tissues,":[118],"including":[119],"adipose,":[120],"cardiovascular,":[121],"immune-related":[123],"Pathway":[125],"enrichment":[126],"KEGG":[130],"pathway":[131],"database,":[132],"GWAS":[133],"Catalog,":[134],"DisGeNET":[136],"further":[137],"substantial":[139],"overlap":[141],"These":[148],"findings":[149],"suggest":[150],"that":[151,168],"dysregulation":[153],"may":[154],"exacerbate":[155],"through":[158],"immune-metabolic":[160],"pathways":[161],"highlight":[163],"candidate":[164],"link":[169],"health":[171],"outcomes.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2026-07-23T00:00:00"}
