{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7170046292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl124459","title":"Physics\u2010Embedded Deep Learning Reveals the Memory Effect of Ionospheric Electron Density in Response to Solar EUV Forcing","display_name":"Physics\u2010Embedded Deep Learning Reveals the Memory Effect of Ionospheric Electron Density in Response to Solar EUV Forcing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7170046292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl124459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026gl124459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl124459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl124459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl124459","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078962074","display_name":"Hongwei Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-9273","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-9273","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8408-0658"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-9273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hanxian Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6935-5786","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6935-5786"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanxian Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6935-5786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081570713","display_name":"Die Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6300-6800","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6300-6800"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Die Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6300-6800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038718275","display_name":"Chao Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2633-9526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2633-9526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2633-9526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051154624","display_name":"Jintai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1048-4427","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1048-4427"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jintai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021049866","display_name":"Chenghao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9959-3034","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9959-3034"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9959-3034","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067363521","display_name":"Hongtao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-0536","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-0536"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongtao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-0536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081859615","display_name":"Ganming Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-6934","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-6934","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-999X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganming Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-6934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121068797","display_name":"Chuyue Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5652-4655","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5652-4655"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuyue Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5652-4655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063529568","display_name":"Han Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0240-0011","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0240-0011"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0240-0011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58787146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"14","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10781","display_name":"Plasma Diagnostics and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionospheric-electron-density","display_name":"ionospheric electron density","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-effects","display_name":"memory effects","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics-informed-neural-networks","display_name":"physics-informed neural networks","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/f1-layer","display_name":"F1 layer","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-frequency-communication","display_name":"high-frequency communication","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digisonde","display_name":"Digisonde","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-maximum","display_name":"solar maximum","score":0.5080000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7192999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781013037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433331","display_name":"Nowcasting","level":2,"score":0.63919997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.6018000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125485243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905186","display_name":"Electron density","level":3,"score":0.531499981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162996421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371965","display_name":"Extreme ultraviolet lithography","level":2,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185001636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119830","display_name":"Solar flare","level":2,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026gl124459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl124459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl124459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026gl124459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl124459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026gl124459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1621160252","https://openalex.org/W1812342002","https://openalex.org/W1965794632","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2079431245","https://openalex.org/W2089302478","https://openalex.org/W2111831949","https://openalex.org/W2140301983","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2588308723","https://openalex.org/W2612868443","https://openalex.org/W2770185717","https://openalex.org/W2889797303","https://openalex.org/W3034470022","https://openalex.org/W3093683004","https://openalex.org/W3154943051","https://openalex.org/W4280560900","https://openalex.org/W4297545588","https://openalex.org/W4315490429","https://openalex.org/W4387737032","https://openalex.org/W4388623052","https://openalex.org/W4400593440","https://openalex.org/W4404540395","https://openalex.org/W4404554550","https://openalex.org/W4407219609","https://openalex.org/W7123258866"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Precise":[1],"characterization":[2],"of":[3,36,117,124],"the":[4,31,42,74,84],"electron":[5],"density":[6],"profile":[7],"is":[8],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,151],"optimizing":[11],"high":[12],"frequency":[13],"communications.":[14],"Reconstruction":[15,46],"models":[16],"often":[17],"assume":[18],"an":[19,109,141],"instantaneous":[20],"ionospheric":[21,143],"response":[22],"to":[23],"solar":[24,111],"forcing":[25],"or":[26],"using":[27],"time":[28,99],"delays,":[29],"neglecting":[30],"time\u2010integrated":[32],"cumulative":[33],"\u201cmemory":[34],"effect\u201d":[35],"plasma":[37],"dynamics.":[38],"Here,":[39],"we":[40,71],"develop":[41],"Electron":[43],"Density":[44],"Profile":[45],"Neural":[47],"Network":[48],"(EDPRNN),":[49],"a":[50,147,153],"physics\u2010embedded":[51],"framework":[52,150],"that":[53,73,138],"parameterizes":[54],"and":[55,68,80,127,132,146],"dynamically":[56],"learns":[57],"this":[58,87],"memory":[59,76,89,156],"representation":[60],"from":[61,65],"data.":[62],"Using":[63],"observations":[64],"three":[66],"mid\u2010":[67],"low\u2010latitude":[69],"digisondes,":[70],"reveal":[72],"learned":[75],"exhibits":[77],"distinct":[78],"altitude":[79],"latitude":[81],"dependence.":[82],"Below":[83],"F1":[85],"layer,":[86],"data\u2010driven":[88,149],"strongly":[90],"correlates":[91],"(":[92,119],"r":[93],"\u2248":[94],"0.97)":[95],"with":[96,115],"theoretical":[97],"photochemical":[98],"constants":[100],"at":[101,129],"all":[102],"stations.":[103],"EDPRNN":[104,139],"also":[105],"performs":[106],"well":[107],"on":[108],"independent":[110],"maximum":[112],"test":[113],"set,":[114],"coefficient":[116],"determination":[118],"R":[120],"2":[121],")":[122],"values":[123],"0.939,":[125],"0.905,":[126],"0.841":[128],"Mohe,":[130],"Zuoling,":[131],"Fuke,":[133],"respectively.":[134],"These":[135],"results":[136],"indicate":[137],"provides":[140],"effective":[142],"nowcasting":[144],"method":[145],"novel":[148],"identifying":[152],"physically":[154],"consistent":[155],"effect.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-07-23T00:00:00"}
