{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7169862877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2026-28563","title":"Effects of herd management factors on annual rhythms of milk synthesis, feed intake, and feed efficiency in the western United States","display_name":"Effects of herd management factors on annual rhythms of milk synthesis, feed intake, and feed efficiency in the western United States","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7169862877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2026-28563","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42480925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3168/jds.2026-28563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2026-28563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2026-28563","pdf_url":"https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(26)03102-4/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28349394","display_name":"Journal of Dairy Science","issn_l":"0022-0302","issn":["0022-0302","1525-3198","1529-9066"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Dairy Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(26)03102-4/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048339065","display_name":"Isaac J. Salfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-8172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-8172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Isaac J. Salfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Electronic address: ijsalfer@umn.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-8172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Electronic address: ijsalfer@umn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108191566","display_name":"William K. Sanchez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106213","display_name":"Diamond V (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/019mv8a21","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106213"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William K. Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125672844","display_name":"Katrina Johnson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106213","display_name":"Diamond V (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/019mv8a21","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106213"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katrina Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067728213","display_name":"Kevin J. Harvatine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6422-2647","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6422-2647"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin J. Harvatine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6422-2647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048339065"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"apc_list":{"value":3500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3500},"apc_paid":{"value":3500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"109","issue":"10","first_page":"10624","last_page":"10637"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10594","display_name":"Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock","score":0.32350000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10594","display_name":"Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock","score":0.32350000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12365","display_name":"Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock","score":0.27709999680519104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10098","display_name":"Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology","score":0.195700004696846,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circannual-rhythm","display_name":"circannual rhythm","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-yield-per-cow","display_name":"dairy cow milk yield","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-fat","display_name":"milk fat","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-protein","display_name":"milk protein","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-matter-intake","display_name":"dry matter intake","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-efficiency","display_name":"feed efficiency","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herd-management-systems","display_name":"herd management systems","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-dairy-farming","display_name":"organic dairy farming","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recombinant-bovine-somatotropin","display_name":"recombinant bovine somatotropin","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-stall-housing","display_name":"free-stall housing","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loose-housing","display_name":"loose housing","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/holstein","display_name":"Holstein","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breed-effects","display_name":"breed effects","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-variation","display_name":"regional variation","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/california","display_name":"California","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pacific-northwest","display_name":"Pacific Northwest","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southwest","display_name":"Southwest","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-midwest","display_name":"Upper Midwest","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-urea-nitrogen","display_name":"milk urea nitrogen","score":0.7020000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22830521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649967","display_name":"Feed conversion ratio","level":3,"score":0.7145000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194775826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209542","display_name":"Herd","level":2,"score":0.6534000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.5774000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020541086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637776","display_name":"Milk production","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59659247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990","display_name":"Reproduction","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994599422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80962","display_name":"Animal production","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109332788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q615445","display_name":"Economic efficiency","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13377214","display_name":"Forage","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106889044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054109","display_name":"Cattle feeding","level":3,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125403950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111082","display_name":"Seasonality","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000822","descriptor_name":"Animal Husbandry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002417","descriptor_name":"Cattle","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003612","descriptor_name":"Dairying","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004435","descriptor_name":"Eating","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007774","descriptor_name":"Lactation","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008892","descriptor_name":"Milk","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008892","descriptor_name":"Milk","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008894","descriptor_name":"Milk Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008894","descriptor_name":"Milk Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012621","descriptor_name":"Seasons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3168/jds.2026-28563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2026-28563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2026-28563","pdf_url":"https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(26)03102-4/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28349394","display_name":"Journal of Dairy Science","issn_l":"0022-0302","issn":["0022-0302","1525-3198","1529-9066"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Dairy Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42480925","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42480925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of dairy science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d1c73df04ce24acfa4d32cd6b78a3298","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d1c73df04ce24acfa4d32cd6b78a3298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Dairy Science, Vol 109, Iss 10, Pp 10624-10637 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3168/jds.2026-28563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2026-28563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2026-28563","pdf_url":"https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(26)03102-4/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28349394","display_name":"Journal of Dairy Science","issn_l":"0022-0302","issn":["0022-0302","1525-3198","1529-9066"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Dairy Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7169862877.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7169862877.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968941707","https://openalex.org/W1988976578","https://openalex.org/W1996664878","https://openalex.org/W1998636880","https://openalex.org/W2019524746","https://openalex.org/W2037284204","https://openalex.org/W2037976884","https://openalex.org/W2051613968","https://openalex.org/W2055599696","https://openalex.org/W2080243789","https://openalex.org/W2098342740","https://openalex.org/W2114974930","https://openalex.org/W2118683165","https://openalex.org/W2129763035","https://openalex.org/W2139813070","https://openalex.org/W2140851315","https://openalex.org/W2156481223","https://openalex.org/W2162034691","https://openalex.org/W2166205664","https://openalex.org/W2170841041","https://openalex.org/W2258558059","https://openalex.org/W2401161356","https://openalex.org/W2412438157","https://openalex.org/W2417885501","https://openalex.org/W2566751214","https://openalex.org/W2745862728","https://openalex.org/W2772422587","https://openalex.org/W2900509944","https://openalex.org/W2913927551","https://openalex.org/W2938686421","https://openalex.org/W2999163845","https://openalex.org/W2999905705","https://openalex.org/W3006121077","https://openalex.org/W3042801243","https://openalex.org/W3080374447","https://openalex.org/W4415998913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3082868196","https://openalex.org/W3006121077","https://openalex.org/W2900509944","https://openalex.org/W2556474424","https://openalex.org/W4415998913","https://openalex.org/W4377727512","https://openalex.org/W2555236763","https://openalex.org/W2788902210","https://openalex.org/W3042801243","https://openalex.org/W940835079"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Milk":[0,298,325],"yield":[1,22,65,299,326],"and":[2,26,35,42,72,76,79,89,103,123,142,164,174,182,185,187,224,227,236,238,279,284,307,315,322,374,413,431,446],"milk":[3,21,33,64,77,121,172,175,178,180,359,362,372,389,392,419],"components":[4],"follow":[5,450],"repeatable":[6],"yearly":[7],"patterns":[8],"that":[9,53,410,423,442],"fit":[10,272,300,327],"a":[11,15,28,44,253,262,273,309,328,451],"cosine":[12,225,259],"function":[13],"with":[14,63,195,230],"period":[16],"of":[17,59,150,170,219,234,241,246,332,337,357,371,378,387,401,418,426,455],"12":[18],"mo.":[19],"Generally,":[20],"peaks":[23],"in":[24,30,69,85,98,210,276,293,304,312,318],"mid-April":[25],"reaches":[27],"nadir":[29,45],"mid-October,":[31],"whereas":[32],"fat":[34,78,173,373],"protein":[36,80,176,363,375,393],"concentration":[37,81],"peak":[38],"near":[39,46],"January":[40],"1":[41,283],"reach":[43],"July":[47],"1.":[48],"We":[49,146],"have":[50,93],"previously":[51],"demonstrated":[52],"these":[54,96,434],"rhythms":[55,97,110,169,249,386,417,435],"differ":[56],"across":[57],"regions":[58,278,306],"the":[60,70,86,99,137,140,143,148,217,221,231,239,247,257,294,313,319,335,338,355,399,424],"United":[61,74,101],"States,":[62,75,102],"having":[66,82],"greater":[67,83,310,341,369],"amplitude":[68,84,289,311,336,400],"Southeastern":[71],"Southwestern":[73],"Upper":[87,144,323],"Midwest":[88],"Northeast.":[90],"However,":[91],"we":[92],"not":[94,383],"characterized":[95],"western":[100],"little":[104],"is":[105],"known":[106],"about":[107],"how":[108],"annual":[109,168,302,356,385,416,457],"vary":[111],"among":[112],"different":[113],"management":[114,159,352,429],"systems.":[115],"This":[116],"experiment":[117],"used":[118],"129,530":[119],"monthly":[120],"production":[122],"feed":[124,188,402,447],"intake":[125,271],"records":[126],"collected":[127],"from":[128,132],"2006":[129],"to":[130],"2019":[131],"332":[133],"herds":[134,367],"throughout":[135],"California,":[136],"Pacific":[138,320],"Northwest,":[139],"Southwest,":[141],"Midwest.":[145,324],"examined":[147],"effects":[149,200,233,425],"region,":[151],"breed,":[152,333],"housing":[153,349,427],"system":[154,160,350,353],"(freestall":[155],"vs.":[156,162],"loose":[157],"housing),":[158],"(conventional":[161],"organic)":[163],"bST":[165,432],"use":[166],"on":[167,433],"milk,":[171,358,388],"yield,":[177,364,394],"fat,":[179,360,390],"protein,":[181],"MUN":[183],"concentration,":[184],"DMI":[186,290],"conversion":[189,403,448],"efficiency":[190,404,449],"(DMI/ECM).":[191],"Using":[192],"cosinor":[193],"rhythmometry":[194],"linear":[196,198,264],"mixed":[197,199],"models":[201],"(R":[202],"version":[203],"4.4.1),":[204],"each":[205],"explanatory":[206],"variable":[207,218],"was":[208,250,340],"tested":[209],"its":[211],"own":[212],"independent":[213],"model,":[214],"which":[215],"included":[216],"interest,":[220],"linearized":[222,258],"sine":[223],"functions,":[226],"their":[228],"interactions,":[229],"random":[232],"herd":[235],"year":[237],"covariate":[240],"average":[242],"DIM.":[243],"The":[244,287],"significance":[245],"12-mo":[248,274,329],"assessed":[251],"via":[252],"zero-amplitude":[254],"test,":[255],"comparing":[256],"model":[260,265],"against":[261],"reduced":[263],"excluding":[266],"rhythmic":[267],"effects.":[268],"Dry":[269],"matter":[270,445],"rhythm":[275,291,303,330,339],"all":[277,305],"peaked":[280],"between":[281],"February":[282,285],"20.":[286],"greatest":[288],"occurred":[292],"Southwest":[295,314],"(1.07":[296],"kg).":[297],"an":[301,456],"had":[308,368],"California":[316],"than":[317,344],"Northwest":[321],"regardless":[331],"but":[334,365,395,421],"for":[342],"Holsteins":[343],"Jerseys":[345],"or":[346,361,391],"crossbreds.":[347],"Neither":[348],"nor":[351],"altered":[354],"organic":[366],"amplitudes":[370],"concentration.":[376],"Use":[377],"recombinant":[379],"bovine":[380],"somatotropin":[381],"did":[382,397],"affect":[384,415],"it":[396],"increase":[398],"by":[405],"100%.":[406],"Results":[407],"further":[408],"confirm":[409],"geographic":[411],"region":[412],"breed":[414],"synthesis,":[420],"suggest":[422],"system,":[428,430],"are":[436],"minimal.":[437],"Furthermore,":[438],"this":[439],"study":[440],"establishes":[441],"both":[443],"dry":[444],"seasonal":[452],"pattern":[453],"characteristic":[454],"rhythm.":[458]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-07-22T00:00:00"}