{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7169763522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3","title":"Confinement order parameters in QCD: a view from Schwinger\u2013Dyson equations and related low energy QCD models","display_name":"Confinement order parameters in QCD: a view from Schwinger\u2013Dyson equations and related low energy QCD models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7169763522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S959143335","display_name":"Chinese Physics C","issn_l":"1674-1137","issn":["1674-1137","2058-6132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chinese Physics C","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001536647","display_name":"Aftab Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-9642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-9642"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172324550","display_name":"Gomal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0241b8f19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aftab Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physics, Gomal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-9642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, Gomal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122180305","display_name":"Jamil Muhammad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Jamil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sang-Ho College & Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sang-Ho College & Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001536647"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"],"apc_list":{"value":2410,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2410},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7736,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67875224,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"11","first_page":"113102","last_page":"113102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10224","display_name":"Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10224","display_name":"Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10527","display_name":"High-Energy Particle Collisions Research","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10048","display_name":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deconfinement-transition","display_name":"deconfinement transition","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyakov-loop","display_name":"Polyakov loop","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chiral-condensate","display_name":"chiral condensate","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamical-chiral-symmetry-breaking","display_name":"dynamical chiral symmetry breaking","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dyson-schwinger-equations","display_name":"Dyson-Schwinger equations","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-symmetry","display_name":"central symmetry","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-perturbative-qcd","display_name":"non-perturbative QCD","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hadron-spectra","display_name":"hadron spectra","score":0.8159999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9605000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117137515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238170","display_name":"Quantum chromodynamics","level":2,"score":0.8658999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52703039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5101837","display_name":"Chiral symmetry breaking","level":3,"score":0.6931999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40976572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989164559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15637420","display_name":"Low energy","level":2,"score":0.5227000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181830111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214850","display_name":"Gauge theory","level":2,"score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779886137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5101832","display_name":"Chiral model","level":2,"score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3079626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","level":1,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109214941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334","display_name":"Particle physics","level":1,"score":0.4212000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115047598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54505","display_name":"Quantum field theory","level":2,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163387558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281778","display_name":"Effective field theory","level":2,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19694890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101667","display_name":"Hadron","level":2,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776720137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3855654","display_name":"Background field method","level":3,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778564446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305173","display_name":"Chiral symmetry","level":3,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204795200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903282","display_name":"Symmetry breaking","level":2,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125881977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736716","display_name":"Spontaneous symmetry breaking","level":3,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163845019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5101826","display_name":"Chiral anomaly","level":3,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98795603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505724","display_name":"Color confinement","level":3,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99077945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3984130","display_name":"Chiral perturbation theory","level":3,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147247565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5527635","display_name":"Gauge symmetry","level":3,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222","display_name":"Center (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101454708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106019","display_name":"Standard Model (mathematical formulation)","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S959143335","display_name":"Chinese Physics C","issn_l":"1674-1137","issn":["1674-1137","2058-6132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chinese Physics C","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-1137/ae8cf3/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S959143335","display_name":"Chinese Physics C","issn_l":"1674-1137","issn":["1674-1137","2058-6132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chinese Physics C","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309652","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7169763522.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7169763522.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513346664","https://openalex.org/W1657072152","https://openalex.org/W1749849539","https://openalex.org/W1873527353","https://openalex.org/W1955455473","https://openalex.org/W1971720987","https://openalex.org/W1982433853","https://openalex.org/W1982735617","https://openalex.org/W1984336622","https://openalex.org/W1998182723","https://openalex.org/W1998909324","https://openalex.org/W2005264105","https://openalex.org/W2005904121","https://openalex.org/W2007552184","https://openalex.org/W2012165308","https://openalex.org/W2015215234","https://openalex.org/W2023426341","https://openalex.org/W2023579205","https://openalex.org/W2026362725","https://openalex.org/W2029223982","https://openalex.org/W2032030104","https://openalex.org/W2033081323","https://openalex.org/W2033425938","https://openalex.org/W2040078289","https://openalex.org/W2042193565","https://openalex.org/W2043283330","https://openalex.org/W2045472496","https://openalex.org/W2049372404","https://openalex.org/W2053392308","https://openalex.org/W2054492548","https://openalex.org/W2055032269","https://openalex.org/W2059495243","https://openalex.org/W2066796854","https://openalex.org/W2068704126","https://openalex.org/W2070153510","https://openalex.org/W2073425276","https://openalex.org/W2078165782","https://openalex.org/W2085325764","https://openalex.org/W2088802795","https://openalex.org/W2090754012","https://openalex.org/W2091307477","https://openalex.org/W2092617456","https://openalex.org/W2094273222","https://openalex.org/W2097343631","https://openalex.org/W2121420139","https://openalex.org/W2144444666","https://openalex.org/W2146553833","https://openalex.org/W2149681823","https://openalex.org/W2150897891","https://openalex.org/W2177891701","https://openalex.org/W2225256756","https://openalex.org/W2258422147","https://openalex.org/W2344597999","https://openalex.org/W2398065098","https://openalex.org/W2470904426","https://openalex.org/W2472636672","https://openalex.org/W2535521700","https://openalex.org/W2583899485","https://openalex.org/W2790328536","https://openalex.org/W2963510540","https://openalex.org/W3048202050","https://openalex.org/W3087514714","https://openalex.org/W4229039727","https://openalex.org/W4244247321","https://openalex.org/W4387514428","https://openalex.org/W4388299059","https://openalex.org/W4402172620","https://openalex.org/W4409203357","https://openalex.org/W4413237452","https://openalex.org/W4417151756","https://openalex.org/W7134938600"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2259089329","https://openalex.org/W2595699539","https://openalex.org/W2784519246","https://openalex.org/W1963942693","https://openalex.org/W2252612968","https://openalex.org/W2963069220","https://openalex.org/W2761980552","https://openalex.org/W2751822144","https://openalex.org/W2535521700","https://openalex.org/W2890734561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Confinement":[1],"and":[2,72,91,107],"dynamical":[3],"chiral":[4,32,40],"symmetry":[5],"breaking":[6],"are":[7,17],"two":[8],"emergent":[9],"non-perturbative":[10],"phenomena":[11],"of":[12,22,115],"quantum":[13,109],"chromodynamics":[14],"(QCD)":[15],"that":[16,30,96],"responsible":[18],"for":[19,38,51,82],"the":[20,31,39,42,46,52,56,86,102,113],"nature":[21],"hadron":[23],"spectra.":[24],"While":[25],"it":[26],"is":[27,34,45],"well":[28],"known":[29],"condensate":[33],"an":[35],"order":[36,49,80],"parameter":[37,50],"transition,":[41],"Polyakov":[43],"loop":[44],"associated":[47],"approximate":[48],"confinement\u2013deconfinement":[53],"transition":[54,104],"in":[55,105,112],"pure":[57],"gauge":[58],"sector":[59],"with":[60],"center":[61],"symmetry.":[62],"Nevertheless,":[63],"this":[64,83],"quantity":[65],"cannot":[66],"be":[67],"derived":[68],"from":[69],"functional":[70],"methods,":[71],"other":[73],"quantities":[74],"have":[75,97],"therefore":[76],"been":[77,98],"proposed":[78,94],"as":[79],"parameters":[81,95],"transition.":[84],"In":[85],"current":[87],"investigation,":[88],"we":[89],"review":[90],"compare":[92],"several":[93],"used":[99],"to":[100],"describe":[101],"confinement/deconfinement":[103],"QCD":[106],"related":[108],"field":[110],"theories":[111],"framework":[114],"Schwinger\u2013Dyson":[116],"equations.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-07-21T00:00:00"}