{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7169723402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","title":"YOLOv9-Based Classification of Ganyong Plant Health for Early Detection of Leaf Spot Disease","display_name":"YOLOv9-Based Classification of Ganyong Plant Health for Early Detection of Leaf Spot Disease","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7169723402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394736578","display_name":"Journal of Digital Technology and Computer Science","issn_l":"3030-8127","issn":["3030-8127","3031-0318"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Digital Technology and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141154423","display_name":"M Fikram","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405273758","display_name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Bima","ror":"https://ror.org/00dxvvz94","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405273758"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Fikram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muhammadiyah Bima, Kota Bima, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Bima, Kota Bima, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405273758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141162691","display_name":"Siti Mutmainah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405273758","display_name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Bima","ror":"https://ror.org/00dxvvz94","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405273758"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siti Mutmainah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muhammadiyah Bima, Kota Bima, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Bima, Kota Bima, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405273758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141154834","display_name":"Dahlan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1225-6548","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1225-6548"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405273758","display_name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Bima","ror":"https://ror.org/00dxvvz94","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405273758"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dahlan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muhammadiyah Bima, Kota Bima, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Bima, Kota Bima, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405273758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405273758"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"26","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yolov9","display_name":"YOLOv9","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-disease-detection","display_name":"plant disease detection","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-spot","display_name":"leaf spot","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ganyong","display_name":"ganyong","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canna-edulis","display_name":"Canna edulis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-health-classification","display_name":"plant health classification","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-disease-detection","display_name":"early disease detection","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"object detection","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-image-dataset","display_name":"agricultural image dataset","score":0.5}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5238999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019235130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188956","display_name":"Plant disease","level":2,"score":0.5196999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780034373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508875","display_name":"Leaf spot","level":2,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993179017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2278935","display_name":"Black spot","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394736578","display_name":"Journal of Digital Technology and Computer Science","issn_l":"3030-8127","issn":["3030-8127","3031-0318"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Digital Technology and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66053/dtcs.v3i2.551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394736578","display_name":"Journal of Digital Technology and Computer Science","issn_l":"3030-8127","issn":["3030-8127","3031-0318"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Digital Technology and Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416100511","https://openalex.org/W4413967796","https://openalex.org/W7220269202","https://openalex.org/W4411073945","https://openalex.org/W4408961930","https://openalex.org/W4407315889","https://openalex.org/W7167080509","https://openalex.org/W4412964389","https://openalex.org/W7134973526","https://openalex.org/W4416608242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"\u2013":[1,51,111,159,194],"This":[2,195],"study":[3,29,196],"implements":[4],"the":[5,11,31,85,165,169],"YOLOv9":[6,75,145,207],"architecture":[7],"to":[8,164],"automatically":[9],"classify":[10],"health":[12],"condition":[13],"of":[14,33,57,105,123,126,129,136,168,202],"ganyong":[15,203],"leaves":[16,204],"(Canna":[17],"edulis":[18],"Kerr.)":[19],"as":[20],"an":[21,132],"early-detection":[22],"tool":[23],"for":[24,208],"leaf":[25],"spot":[26],"disease.":[27],"The":[28,160,177],"addresses":[30],"limitations":[32],"subjective":[34],"manual":[35],"identification":[36],"and":[37,63,68,84,107,131,173,186,205],"supports":[38],"farmers":[39],"in":[40,45,96,152],"Bumipajo":[41],"Village,":[42],"Bima":[43],"Regency,":[44],"reducing":[46],"potential":[47],"crop":[48],"failure.":[49],"Methods":[50],"A":[52],"primary":[53,200],"field":[54],"dataset":[55,201],"consisting":[56],"1,383":[58],"image":[59],"objects":[60],"was":[61,76,94],"collected":[62],"divided":[64],"into":[65],"training,":[66],"validation,":[67],"testing":[69],"sets":[70],"using":[71,99],"a":[72,102,198,209],"70:20:10":[73],"ratio.":[74],"implemented":[77],"by":[78],"integrating":[79],"Programmable":[80],"Gradient":[81],"Information":[82],"(PGI)":[83],"Generalized":[86],"Efficient":[87],"Layer":[88],"Aggregation":[89],"Network":[90],"(GELAN).":[91],"Model":[92],"training":[93],"conducted":[95],"Google":[97],"Colab":[98],"GPU":[100],"acceleration,":[101],"batch":[103],"size":[104],"4,":[106],"50":[108],"epochs.":[109],"Findings":[110],"Evaluation":[112],"on":[113,183,190],"independent":[114],"test":[115],"data":[116,170],"showed":[117],"strong":[118],"detection":[119],"performance,":[120],"with":[121],"mAP@50":[122],"99%,":[124,127],"Precision":[125],"Recall":[128],"100%,":[130],"average":[133],"inference":[134],"speed":[135],"58.4":[137],"ms":[138],"per":[139],"image.":[140],"These":[141],"results":[142],"indicate":[143],"that":[144,213],"can":[146],"effectively":[147],"preserve":[148],"disease-related":[149],"morphological":[150],"features":[151],"visually":[153],"complex":[154],"biological":[155],"objects.":[156],"Research":[157],"implications":[158],"findings":[161],"are":[162],"limited":[163],"environmental":[166],"conditions":[167],"collection":[171],"site":[172],"one":[174],"disease":[175],"type.":[176],"reported":[178],"time":[179],"efficiency":[180],"also":[181],"depends":[182],"GPU-based":[184],"hardware":[185],"requires":[187],"further":[188],"validation":[189],"mobile":[191],"devices.":[192],"Originality":[193],"contributes":[197],"field-based":[199],"validates":[206],"local":[210],"agricultural":[211],"commodity":[212],"remains":[214],"underexplored.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-07-20T00:00:00"}