{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7169665367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924","title":"Reliability analysis of underground fiber optic infrastructure in Rural Areas: Case Study of the Matadi-Boma Section, Kongo Central Province, DRC","display_name":"Reliability analysis of underground fiber optic infrastructure in Rural Areas: Case Study of the Matadi-Boma Section, Kongo Central Province, DRC","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7169665367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924","pdf_url":"https://wjarr.com/sites/default/files/fulltext_pdf/WJARR-2026-1924.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223820","display_name":"World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews","issn_l":"2581-9615","issn":["2581-9615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4383735917","host_organization_name":"GSC Online Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4383735917"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["GSC Online Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://wjarr.com/sites/default/files/fulltext_pdf/WJARR-2026-1924.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141061038","display_name":"Blanchard Kiese Ndiwulu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KIESE NDIWULU Blanchard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science , Higher Institute of Commerce of Matadi (ISC/MATADI) , Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science , Higher Institute of Commerce of Matadi (ISC/MATADI) , Democratic Republic of the Congo","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117837782","display_name":"God\u2019El K. Kinyoka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2286-0667","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2286-0667"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133764","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 P\u00e9dagogique Nationale","ror":"https://ror.org/0432yv872","country_code":"CD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133764"]}],"countries":["CD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KINYOKA KABALUMUNA God'El","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Applied Sciences , Pedagogical National University , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Applied Sciences , Pedagogical National University , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141144677","display_name":"MBIKAYI MPANYA Jean-Marcel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MBIKAYI MPANYA Jean-Marcel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126463515","display_name":"TANGENYI OKITO Marcien","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260287","display_name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Techniques Appliqu\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/03h5ahs51","country_code":"CD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260287"]}],"countries":["CD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"TANGENYI OKITO Marcien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mention \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 , Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Techniques Appliqu\u00e9es de Gombe-Matadi "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mention \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 , Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Techniques Appliqu\u00e9es de Gombe-Matadi ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126463515"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"948","last_page":"954"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10780","display_name":"Reliability and Maintenance Optimization","score":0.8862000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10780","display_name":"Reliability and Maintenance Optimization","score":0.8862000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.07100000232458115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.019899999722838402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-reliability","display_name":"network reliability","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-degradation","display_name":"fiber degradation","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-distribution","display_name":"exponential distribution","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintenance-strategy-optimization","display_name":"maintenance strategy optimization","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kongo-central-province","display_name":"Kongo Central Province","score":0.8420000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6581000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104304963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5316114","display_name":"Durability","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161325326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197961","display_name":"Optical fiber cable","level":3,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23725684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616377","display_name":"Maintenance engineering","level":2,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24662","display_name":"Retrofitting","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924","pdf_url":"https://wjarr.com/sites/default/files/fulltext_pdf/WJARR-2026-1924.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223820","display_name":"World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews","issn_l":"2581-9615","issn":["2581-9615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4383735917","host_organization_name":"GSC Online Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4383735917"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["GSC Online Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.1.1924","pdf_url":"https://wjarr.com/sites/default/files/fulltext_pdf/WJARR-2026-1924.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223820","display_name":"World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews","issn_l":"2581-9615","issn":["2581-9615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4383735917","host_organization_name":"GSC Online Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4383735917"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["GSC Online Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7169665367.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7169665367.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804160202","https://openalex.org/W3005289986","https://openalex.org/W4300961222","https://openalex.org/W4404915612","https://openalex.org/W4409292398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2321167413","https://openalex.org/W7169613313","https://openalex.org/W6908402932","https://openalex.org/W4300961222","https://openalex.org/W3044713010","https://openalex.org/W4404915612","https://openalex.org/W2578666749","https://openalex.org/W4389666724","https://openalex.org/W3007658598","https://openalex.org/W2037915454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,90,138,157],"reliability":[1,33,172],"of":[2,12,19,35,45,54,58,69,108,120,132,151,183],"fiber":[3,38,154],"optic":[4,39],"infrastructure":[5],"is":[6],"crucial":[7],"for":[8,169],"ensuring":[9],"the":[10,36,42,46,50,55,105,118,148,152,179],"continuity":[11],"digital":[13],"services,":[14],"particularly":[15],"in":[16,49,136,186],"rural":[17,188],"areas":[18],"developing":[20],"countries":[21],"where":[22],"environmental":[23],"and":[24,76,83,85,102,123,173,181],"operational":[25],"challenges":[26],"are":[27,104],"significant.":[28],"This":[29],"study":[30],"presents":[31],"a":[32,114,128,161,166],"analysis":[34,68,112],"underground":[37],"cable":[40,109],"on":[41],"Matadi-Boma":[43],"section":[44],"national":[47],"backbone":[48],"Kongo":[51],"Central":[52],"province":[53],"Democratic":[56],"Republic":[57],"Congo.":[59],"A":[60],"mixed-method":[61],"approach":[62,164],"was":[63],"employed,":[64],"combining":[65],"field":[66,91],"observations,":[67],"maintenance":[70,175],"data":[71],"from":[72],"2022":[73],"to":[74],"2025,":[75],"probabilistic":[77,163],"modeling":[78],"using":[79],"both":[80],"statistical":[81],"(Exponential":[82],"Weibull)":[84],"stochastic":[86],"(Markov":[87],"chains)":[88],"approaches.":[89],"survey":[92],"revealed":[93],"that":[94,160],"external":[95],"factors":[96],"specifically":[97],"civil":[98],"engineering":[99],"works,":[100],"erosion,":[101],"vandalism":[103],"primary":[106],"causes":[107],"cuts.":[110],"Data":[111],"showed":[113],"direct":[115],"correlation":[116],"between":[117],"frequency":[119],"repairs":[121],"(splicing)":[122],"increased":[124],"optical":[125,153,184],"losses,":[126],"with":[127,142],"maximum":[129],"splice":[130],"loss":[131],"3.94":[133],"dBm":[134],"recorded":[135],"2023.":[137],"developed":[139],"Markov":[140],"model":[141],"five":[143],"degradation":[144,150],"states":[145],"effectively":[146],"captured":[147],"progressive":[149],"over":[155],"time.":[156],"results":[158],"confirm":[159],"combined":[162],"provides":[165],"robust":[167],"framework":[168],"assessing":[170],"network":[171],"optimizing":[174],"strategies,":[176],"thereby":[177],"enhancing":[178],"resilience":[180],"durability":[182],"infrastructures":[185],"similar":[187],"contexts.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-07-19T00:00:00"}
