{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7168248387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9780939934683.084.ch004","title":"IV Pensions","display_name":"IV Pensions","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7168248387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9780939934683.084.ch004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5089/9780939934683.084.ch004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9780939934683.084.ch004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9780939934683.084.ch004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463460","display_name":"International Monetary Fund eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316166","host_organization_name":"International Monetary Fund","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316166","https://openalex.org/P4310321776"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Monetary Fund","United Nations"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aging and Social Expenditure in the Major Industrial Countries, 1980-2025","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1500266792","display_name":"Aging and Social Expenditure in the Major Industrial Countries, 1980-2025"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001639611","display_name":"Edgardo Ruggiero","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edgardo Ruggiero","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140693887","display_name":"Peter Heller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Heller","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113924869","display_name":"Menachem Katz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menachem Katz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140652268","display_name":"Robert Feldman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Feldman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063398884","display_name":"Richard Hemming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8521-1725","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8521-1725"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Hemming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140692598","display_name":"Peter Kohnert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Kohnert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064079730","display_name":"Ziba Farhadian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziba Farhadian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140694560","display_name":"Donogh McDonald","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donogh McDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052691829","display_name":"Ahsan Mansur","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahsan Mansur","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051273567","display_name":"Bernard Nivollet","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernard Nivollet","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10443","display_name":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","score":0.510699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10443","display_name":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","score":0.510699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.17319999635219574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13825","display_name":"Economic Policies and Impacts","score":0.10639999806880951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pensions","display_name":"pensions","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-change","display_name":"demographic change","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-aging","display_name":"population aging","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertility-decline","display_name":"fertility decline","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-expectancy","display_name":"life expectancy","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-spending","display_name":"social spending","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pension-spending","display_name":"pension expenditure","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/g7-countries","display_name":"G7 countries","score":0.5230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133925201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188419","display_name":"Life expectancy","level":3,"score":0.6933000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160050368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132453","display_name":"Developed country","level":3,"score":0.5221999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4837999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19159745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828395","display_name":"Social policy","level":2,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13774568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q439112","display_name":"Population ageing","level":3,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777288899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413228","display_name":"Retirement age","level":3,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777111884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Social security","level":2,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018663394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329823","display_name":"Age structure","level":3,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47122089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285897","display_name":"Total fertility rate","level":5,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778680390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2369019","display_name":"Population projection","level":4,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110888244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187588","display_name":"Social class","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37512671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203516","display_name":"Birth rate","level":4,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779427955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7083367","display_name":"Old Age Security","level":5,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5089/9780939934683.084.ch004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9780939934683.084.ch004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9780939934683.084.ch004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463460","display_name":"International Monetary Fund eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316166","host_organization_name":"International Monetary Fund","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316166","https://openalex.org/P4310321776"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Monetary Fund","United Nations"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aging and Social Expenditure in the Major Industrial Countries, 1980-2025","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3109323670","https://openalex.org/W7168293938","https://openalex.org/W3110642508","https://openalex.org/W3098723974","https://openalex.org/W3114650165","https://openalex.org/W3116373085","https://openalex.org/W1500266792","https://openalex.org/W204036283","https://openalex.org/W4392075425","https://openalex.org/W4233565555"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"of":[1,19,30,51,60,66,74],"the":[2,31,43,49,56,64,67,77],"seven":[3,68],"major":[4,28,69],"industrial":[5,70],"countries":[6,71],"are":[7,34],"now":[8],"experiencing":[9],"significant":[10],"changes":[11],"in":[12,42],"their":[13],"demographic":[14,53],"structure.":[15],"A":[16],"persistent":[17],"pattern":[18],"declining":[20],"fertility":[21],"and":[22,58],"improving":[23],"life":[24],"expectancy":[25],"has":[26],"created":[27],"segments":[29],"population":[32],"that":[33],"already":[35],"relatively":[36],"aged":[37],"or":[38],"will":[39],"become":[40],"so":[41],"near":[44],"future.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"examines":[48],"impact":[50],"prospective":[52],"trends":[54],"on":[55],"level":[57],"structure":[59],"social":[61],"expenditure":[62],"by":[63],"governments":[65],"(the":[72],"Group":[73],"Seven)":[75],"through":[76],"year":[78],"2025.":[79]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-07-15T00:00:00"}