{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7168024654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2026.033","title":"Integrated application of pollution indices and multivariate statistics for assessing groundwater contamination by potentially toxic elements in the southern coastal region of Bangladesh","display_name":"Integrated application of pollution indices and multivariate statistics for assessing groundwater contamination by potentially toxic elements in the southern coastal region of Bangladesh","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7168024654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2026.033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2166/wh.2026.033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2026.033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2026.033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26443501","display_name":"Journal of Water and Health","issn_l":"1477-8920","issn":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320510","host_organization_name":"UWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Water and Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2026.033","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018506721","display_name":"Sharaf Anika Hoque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2822-0799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2822-0799"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157386601","display_name":"North South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdbfp45","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sharaf Anika Hoque","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2822-0799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071920480","display_name":"Mir Md Tasnim Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3619-6367","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3619-6367"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mir Md Tasnim Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["b Satelytics Inc., 6330 Levis Commons Blvd, Perrysburg, OH 43551, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3619-6367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b Satelytics Inc., 6330 Levis Commons Blvd, Perrysburg, OH 43551, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012973131","display_name":"Mahir Tajwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-1491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-1491"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahir Tajwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-1491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109711605","display_name":"Sushanta Banik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3786-5208","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3786-5208"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205746353","display_name":"University of Dhaka","ror":"https://ror.org/05wv2vq37","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205746353"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sushanta Banik","raw_affiliation_strings":["d Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3786-5208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"d Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205746353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139392706","display_name":"Sheikh Samanin Tasnim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0034-3105","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0034-3105"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157386601","display_name":"North South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdbfp45","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheikh Samanin Tasnim","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0034-3105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101839334","display_name":"Nazmus Sakib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-4455","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-4455"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazmus Sakib","raw_affiliation_strings":["e Ground Water Hydrology, Bangladesh Water Development Board, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-4455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"e Ground Water Hydrology, Bangladesh Water Development Board, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061773618","display_name":"Shamiha Shafinaz Shreya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-1671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-1671"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205746353","display_name":"University of Dhaka","ror":"https://ror.org/05wv2vq37","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205746353"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shamiha Shafinaz Shreya","raw_affiliation_strings":["f Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-1671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"f Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205746353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002171846","display_name":"Md. Yousuf Gazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2646-6859","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2646-6859"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Yousuf Gazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["g School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2646-6859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"g School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040508834","display_name":"Anwar Zahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0456-6760","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0456-6760"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anwar Zahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["e Ground Water Hydrology, Bangladesh Water Development Board, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0456-6760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"e Ground Water Hydrology, Bangladesh Water Development Board, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018506721"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"7","first_page":"1048","last_page":"1076"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.8003000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.8003000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.1949000060558319,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10710","display_name":"Arsenic contamination and mitigation","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-contamination","display_name":"groundwater contamination","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potentially-toxic-elements","display_name":"potentially toxic elements","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metals","display_name":"heavy metals","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron","display_name":"iron","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aluminum","display_name":"aluminum","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manganese","display_name":"manganese","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arsenic","display_name":"arsenic","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromium","display_name":"chromium","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boron","display_name":"boron","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coastal-aquifers","display_name":"coastal aquifers","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noakhali","display_name":"Noakhali","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution-index","display_name":"pollution index","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazard-index","display_name":"hazard index","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-health-risk","display_name":"human health risk","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-exposure","display_name":"oral exposure","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dermal-exposure","display_name":"dermal exposure","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saltwater-intrusion","display_name":"saltwater intrusion","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-runoff","display_name":"agricultural runoff","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution-sources","display_name":"pollution sources","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-hotspots","display_name":"spatial hotspots","score":0.6269999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7544999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.6305999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.5834000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9777977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146575","display_name":"Dry season","level":2,"score":0.4408999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779680964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16947365","display_name":"Hazard quotient","level":3,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989071153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20113712","display_name":"Groundwater contamination","level":4,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778192778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20113712","display_name":"Groundwater pollution","level":4,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206355099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3614972","display_name":"Hazard analysis","level":2,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82685317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510","display_name":"Pollutant","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90195498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183129","display_name":"Water pollution","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150668497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104870826","display_name":"Dry weight","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522964758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019586","display_name":"Environmental remediation","level":3,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52322663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3117517","display_name":"Wet season","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2166/wh.2026.033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2026.033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2026.033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26443501","display_name":"Journal of Water and Health","issn_l":"1477-8920","issn":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320510","host_organization_name":"UWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Water and Health","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2166/wh.2026.033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2026.033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2026.033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26443501","display_name":"Journal of Water and Health","issn_l":"1477-8920","issn":["1477-8920","1996-7829"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320510","host_organization_name":"UWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Water and Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W786264336","https://openalex.org/W1523692346","https://openalex.org/W1825242443","https://openalex.org/W1963692905","https://openalex.org/W1963953937","https://openalex.org/W1967387743","https://openalex.org/W1977371794","https://openalex.org/W1979492996","https://openalex.org/W1998679782","https://openalex.org/W1999820011","https://openalex.org/W2000472269","https://openalex.org/W2023827874","https://openalex.org/W2052240908","https://openalex.org/W2055041085","https://openalex.org/W2055448749","https://openalex.org/W2058931500","https://openalex.org/W2062257078","https://openalex.org/W2062505559","https://openalex.org/W2073494890","https://openalex.org/W2080193036","https://openalex.org/W2085724215","https://openalex.org/W2085880731","https://openalex.org/W2086755414","https://openalex.org/W2087622780","https://openalex.org/W2087927592","https://openalex.org/W2088213726","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2114357073","https://openalex.org/W2143225633","https://openalex.org/W2149602337","https://openalex.org/W2158532256","https://openalex.org/W2168745915","https://openalex.org/W2398779357","https://openalex.org/W2420746276","https://openalex.org/W2474278603","https://openalex.org/W2479797844","https://openalex.org/W2519412255","https://openalex.org/W2552064657","https://openalex.org/W2594764650","https://openalex.org/W2619033858","https://openalex.org/W2734008489","https://openalex.org/W2754228220","https://openalex.org/W2755940061","https://openalex.org/W2763014967","https://openalex.org/W2785157613","https://openalex.org/W2807251477","https://openalex.org/W2899111611","https://openalex.org/W2903294862","https://openalex.org/W2921385403","https://openalex.org/W2950182111","https://openalex.org/W2980807068","https://openalex.org/W2982132614","https://openalex.org/W2982446288","https://openalex.org/W2994663446","https://openalex.org/W2995000729","https://openalex.org/W3005605562","https://openalex.org/W3041265061","https://openalex.org/W3044320242","https://openalex.org/W3083639108","https://openalex.org/W3105943120","https://openalex.org/W3118646562","https://openalex.org/W3119470958","https://openalex.org/W3122218096","https://openalex.org/W3148162928","https://openalex.org/W3153468241","https://openalex.org/W3155510442","https://openalex.org/W3159736277","https://openalex.org/W3193936564","https://openalex.org/W3215939660","https://openalex.org/W4224302278","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4286492737","https://openalex.org/W4310846688","https://openalex.org/W4322500916","https://openalex.org/W4385303735","https://openalex.org/W4391110985","https://openalex.org/W4391754707","https://openalex.org/W4393344262","https://openalex.org/W4401625294","https://openalex.org/W4402701420","https://openalex.org/W4405830637","https://openalex.org/W4406091603","https://openalex.org/W4408147888","https://openalex.org/W4408368878","https://openalex.org/W4410351893"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408147888","https://openalex.org/W4405830637","https://openalex.org/W4408178152","https://openalex.org/W4406091603","https://openalex.org/W4283021447","https://openalex.org/W4402701420","https://openalex.org/W7118498842","https://openalex.org/W7164313227","https://openalex.org/W2942066056","https://openalex.org/W4415053819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Graphical":[1],"abstract":[2],"illustrating":[3],"groundwater":[4,20,129],"potentially":[5,143],"toxic":[6,144],"element":[7],"(PTE)":[8],"risk":[9],"in":[10,35,52,111,131,156,175,189,239,300],"coastal":[11,113,301],"Bangladesh,":[12,116],"focusing":[13],"on":[14,120],"Noakhali":[15,132],"District.":[16],"A":[17],"total":[18],"27":[19,134],"samples":[21,135],"were":[22,187,263],"assessed":[23],"for":[24,97,122,289],"both":[25,36,157],"wet":[26,137],"and":[27,38,41,47,54,74,91,99,108,124,138,162,166,178,191,208,212,277,292],"dry":[28,45,139,173],"seasons.":[29],"Key":[30],"findings":[31,285],"showing":[32],"Fe":[33,153,207],"dominance":[34],"seasons":[37],"elevated":[39],"Al":[40,165],"Mn":[42,167],"during":[43,171],"the":[44,70,112,172,256,287],"season,":[46],"spatial":[48],"hotspots":[49,186],"of":[50,115,241,250],"contamination":[51,84,104,155,270],"central":[53,190],"southern":[55,192],"areas.":[56],"It":[57],"highlights":[58],"human":[59],"health":[60,109],"risks":[61,110,262],"primarily":[62],"through":[63,133],"oral":[64],"ingestion,":[65],"with":[66,95,217,280],"children":[67],"identified":[68,188],"as":[69],"most":[71],"vulnerable":[72,298],"group,":[73],"dermal":[75,261],"exposure":[76,258],"remains":[77],"low.":[78],"The":[79],"diagram":[80],"also":[81],"indicates":[82],"likely":[83],"sources":[85],"including":[86],"geogenic":[87,273],"weathering,":[88],"agricultural":[89],"runoff,":[90],"saline":[92],"intrusion,":[93],"along":[94],"implications":[96],"monitoring":[98,291],"safe":[100,169,237],"water":[101],"management.":[102],"Groundwater":[103],"poses":[105],"major":[106],"environmental":[107],"districts":[114],"where":[117],"communities":[118],"rely":[119],"aquifers":[121],"drinking":[123],"irrigation.":[125],"This":[126],"study":[127],"evaluated":[128],"quality":[130],"from":[136],"seasons,":[140,158],"analyzing":[141],"seven":[142],"elements":[145],"(Al,":[146],"As,":[147],"Cu,":[148],"Mn,":[149],"Cr,":[150],"B,":[151],"Fe).":[152],"dominated":[154],"frequently":[159],"exceeding":[160],"WHO":[161],"national":[163],"guidelines.":[164],"surpassed":[168],"thresholds":[170],"season;":[174],"contrast,":[176],"As":[177],"Cr":[179],"mostly":[180],"remained":[181,224],"within":[182],"permissible":[183],"limits.":[184],"Spatial":[185],"zones.":[193],"Pollution":[194],"indices":[195],"(MPI,":[196],"NPI,":[197],"PoS)":[198],"indicated":[199],"moderate":[200],"to":[201,272,296],"severe":[202],"contamination,":[203],"mainly":[204,271],"driven":[205],"by":[206],"Al,":[209],"whereas":[210],"MEI":[211],"Cd":[213],"suggested":[214],"overall":[215],"safety":[216],"localized":[218],"concerns.":[219],"Hazard":[220,233],"Quotient":[221],"(HQ)":[222],"values":[223],"below":[225],"unity,":[226],"indicating":[227],"no":[228],"significant":[229],"individual":[230],"risk;":[231],"however,":[232],"Index":[234],"(HI)":[235],"exceeded":[236],"limit":[238],"22.2%":[240],"dry-season":[242],"samples,":[243],"particularly":[244],"affecting":[245],"children,":[246],"suggesting":[247],"combined":[248],"effects":[249],"multiple":[251],"metals.":[252],"Oral":[253],"ingestion":[254],"was":[255],"dominant":[257],"pathway,":[259],"while":[260],"negligible.":[264],"Multivariate":[265],"analyses":[266],"(PCA,":[267],"HCA)":[268],"attributed":[269],"processes":[274],"like":[275],"mineral-weathering":[276],"water-rock":[278],"interactions,":[279],"minor":[281],"anthropogenic":[282],"inputs.":[283],"These":[284],"highlight":[286],"need":[288],"continuous":[290],"targeted":[293],"mitigation":[294],"strategies":[295],"protect":[297],"populations":[299],"Bangladesh.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-07-12T00:00:00"}