{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167607409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","title":"Heat, air pollution, and learning loss: global impacts on educational equity and human capital formation","display_name":"Heat, air pollution, and learning loss: global impacts on educational equity and human capital formation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167607409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231123","display_name":"Environmental Research Climate","issn_l":"2752-5295","issn":["2752-5295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research: Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067644390","display_name":"Natalia Borzino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0805-4217","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0805-4217"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254519","display_name":"Singapore-ETH Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01x6n3581","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4405254519"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Borzino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)","Singapore-ETH Centre (SEC)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0805-4217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore-ETH Centre (SEC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254519"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138071622","display_name":"Matthias Otto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1274-8820","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1274-8820"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156171363","display_name":"Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wykxp39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156171363","https://openalex.org/I4387152882"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Otto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156171363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051265724","display_name":"Tord E Kjellstrom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-8245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-8245"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tord Kjellstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian National University","Health and Environment International Trust"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health and Environment International Trust","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100657725","display_name":"JASON KAI WEI LEE","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4042-795X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4042-795X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Kai Wei Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore","National University of Singapore (NUS)","The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore (NUS)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4042-795X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore (NUS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore (NUS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2515,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2515},"apc_paid":{"value":2515,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"035029","last_page":"035029"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.5473999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.5473999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.3621000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12259","display_name":"Environmental Justice and Health Disparities","score":0.01769999973475933,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-stress","display_name":"heat stress","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution","display_name":"air pollution","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm2-5","display_name":"PM2.5","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-outcomes","display_name":"learning outcomes","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-equity","display_name":"educational equity","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-accumulation","display_name":"human capital accumulation","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wet-bulb-globe-temperature","display_name":"wet bulb globe temperature","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-risk","display_name":"climate risk","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-and-middle-income-countries","display_name":"low- and middle-income countries","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-adaptation","display_name":"climate change adaptation","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy","display_name":"education policy","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pisa-scores","display_name":"PISA results","score":0.5830000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125370674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527480","display_name":"Stressor","level":2,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109007","display_name":"Globe","level":2,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987418964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242165","display_name":"Heat stress","level":2,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993643576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277161","display_name":"Climate extremes","level":3,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987236452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Air transport","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333508","display_name":"Economic impact analysis","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231123","display_name":"Environmental Research Climate","issn_l":"2752-5295","issn":["2752-5295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research: Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:62c1259e9d4e41f5b3e8ef7b5c000d75","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/62c1259e9d4e41f5b3e8ef7b5c000d75","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research: Climate, Vol 5, Iss 3, p 035029 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae8320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231123","display_name":"Environmental Research Climate","issn_l":"2752-5295","issn":["2752-5295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research: Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.9786999821662903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1886111307","https://openalex.org/W2056430427","https://openalex.org/W2058120680","https://openalex.org/W2131067254","https://openalex.org/W2138830474","https://openalex.org/W2154180993","https://openalex.org/W2163971656","https://openalex.org/W2299821297","https://openalex.org/W2310114729","https://openalex.org/W2573321131","https://openalex.org/W2601417637","https://openalex.org/W2609125359","https://openalex.org/W2799690146","https://openalex.org/W2805122960","https://openalex.org/W2807441984","https://openalex.org/W2883944549","https://openalex.org/W2889170548","https://openalex.org/W2940118651","https://openalex.org/W3007031153","https://openalex.org/W3011119660","https://openalex.org/W3023399778","https://openalex.org/W3033130336","https://openalex.org/W3083694469","https://openalex.org/W3091739370","https://openalex.org/W3121759884","https://openalex.org/W3124416644","https://openalex.org/W3124787586","https://openalex.org/W3148602175","https://openalex.org/W4225274186","https://openalex.org/W4226265410","https://openalex.org/W4235396285","https://openalex.org/W4249342768","https://openalex.org/W4311116265","https://openalex.org/W4377027833","https://openalex.org/W4388104349","https://openalex.org/W4392505490","https://openalex.org/W4404024267","https://openalex.org/W4406478512","https://openalex.org/W4409296027","https://openalex.org/W4412749813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7090839473","https://openalex.org/W7214358743","https://openalex.org/W7204116785","https://openalex.org/W7165206390","https://openalex.org/W7204556580","https://openalex.org/W4400739678","https://openalex.org/W4313216115","https://openalex.org/W7223307846","https://openalex.org/W6994254305","https://openalex.org/W4407778574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Environmental":[1],"stressors":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4,12,202,204],"heat":[5,41,167],"and":[6,27,43,48,80,151,296],"air":[7],"pollution":[8,156],"are":[9],"increasingly":[10],"recognized":[11],"critical":[13],"dimensions":[14],"of":[15,77,222,243,283,290],"climate":[16,284],"risk,":[17],"with":[18,94,126,147,154,166,259],"implications":[19],"that":[20,114,273],"extend":[21],"beyond":[22],"health":[23],"to":[24,40,69,103,180,219,224,228,268,278,299],"educational":[25],"performance":[26],"long-term":[28],"economic":[29],"development.":[30],"This":[31],"study":[32],"examines":[33],"the":[34,57,164,170,260,288],"global":[35],"association":[36,165,186],"between":[37],"chronic":[38],"exposure":[39,91],"stress":[42,108],"fine":[44],"particulate":[45],"matter":[46],"(PM2.5)":[47],"student":[49,149],"learning":[50,197,220,275],"outcomes,":[51],"using":[52,97],"harmonized":[53],"exam":[54],"data":[55],"from":[56,67,178,253],"OECD":[58],"Programme":[59],"for":[60],"International":[61],"Student":[62],"Assessment":[63],"spanning":[64],"59":[65],"countries":[66,194,265],"2000":[68],"2018.":[70],"The":[71],"sample":[72],"covers":[73],"a":[74,84,115,127,184,232,280,304],"diverse":[75],"range":[76],"low-,":[78],"middle-,":[79],"high-income":[81,208],"contexts,":[82],"enabling":[83],"globally":[85],"comparative":[86],"analysis.":[87],"We":[88,112],"construct":[89],"seasonal":[90],"metrics":[92],"aligned":[93],"school":[95,122],"calendars,":[96],"Wet":[98],"Bulb":[99],"Globe":[100],"Temperature":[101],"(WBGT)":[102],"more":[104,199],"accurately":[105],"capture":[106],"thermal":[107],"in":[109,119,133,191,207,216,303],"humid":[110],"environments.":[111],"find":[113],"1":[116,175],"\u00b0C":[117,176,234],"increase":[118],"WBGTmax":[120],"during":[121],"months":[123,230],"is":[124,144,168],"associated":[125,146],"\u22120.0625":[128],"standard":[129],"deviation":[130],"(SD)":[131],"decline":[132],"test":[134],"scores\u2014substantially":[135],"larger":[136],"than":[137,200],"estimates":[138,238],"based":[139],"on":[140,264],"annual":[141],"averages.":[142],"PM2.5":[143],"likewise":[145],"lower":[148],"performance,":[150],"when":[152],"combined":[153],"high":[155],"levels":[157],"(>55":[158],"\u00b5":[159],"g":[160],"m":[161],"\u22123":[162],"),":[163],"amplified:":[169],"marginal":[171],"effect":[172],"per":[173],"additional":[174],"increases":[177],"\u22120.047":[179],"\u22120.076":[181],"SD,":[182],"reflecting":[183],"stronger":[185],"under":[187,231,255],"dual":[188],"exposure.":[189],"Students":[190],"low-and":[192],"middle-income":[193],"show":[195],"estimated":[196],"losses":[198,221,251],"twice":[201],"large":[203],"their":[205],"peers":[206],"countries.":[209],"Under":[210],"current":[211],"conditions,":[212],"these":[213],"results":[214],"correspond,":[215],"illustrative":[217],"terms,":[218],"up":[223],"5.5":[225],"months,":[226],"increasing":[227],"7.5":[229],"+2.5":[233],"warming":[235,305],"scenario.":[236],"These":[237],"represent":[239],"illustrative,":[240],"scenario-based":[241],"projections":[242],"potential":[244],"human-capital":[245],"implications,":[246],"including":[247],"possible":[248],"lifetime":[249],"earnings":[250],"ranging":[252],"1.6%\u20133.2%":[254],"maintained":[256],"conversion":[257],"assumptions,":[258],"steepest":[261],"burdens":[262],"falling":[263],"least":[266],"equipped":[267],"adapt.":[269],"Our":[270],"findings":[271],"highlight":[272],"safeguarding":[274],"may":[276],"need":[277],"become":[279],"core":[281],"element":[282],"adaptation":[285],"planning,":[286],"requiring":[287],"integration":[289],"resilience":[291],"measures":[292],"into":[293],"education":[294],"policy":[295],"infrastructure":[297],"investments":[298],"protect":[300],"human":[301],"capital":[302],"world.":[306]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-07-08T00:00:00"}
