{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167517907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","title":"Deep Learning Models for Anomaly Detection in Autonomous Network Troubleshooting and Optimization: A Comparative Study","display_name":"Deep Learning Models for Anomaly Detection in Autonomous Network Troubleshooting and Optimization: A Comparative Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167517907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210171039","display_name":"Journal of Independent Studies and Research - Computing","issn_l":"1998-4154","issn":["1998-4154","2412-0448"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36448004","host_organization_name":"Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36448004"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Independent Studies and Research Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072366364","display_name":"Charles Okechukwu Ugwunna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6671-8619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6671-8619"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257292","display_name":"Wigwe University","ror":"https://ror.org/053vrqh41","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257292"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Okechukwu Ugwunna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Wigwe University Isiokpo, Rivers State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Wigwe University Isiokpo, Rivers State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086164373","display_name":"Joshua John","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12789410","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua John","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iya Abubakar Institute of ICT, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iya Abubakar Institute of ICT, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094323332","display_name":"Abayomi-Alli Ayomide","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7470-4420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7470-4420"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18045400","display_name":"Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta","ror":"https://ror.org/050s1zm26","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18045400"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abayomi-Alli Ayomide","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria","Federal University of Agriculture Ogun State, Abeokuta, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18045400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Agriculture Ogun State, Abeokuta, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18045400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140151848","display_name":"Adisa Samuel Ayomide","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18045400","display_name":"Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta","ror":"https://ror.org/050s1zm26","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18045400"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adisa Samuel Ayomide","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria","Federal University of Agriculture Ogun State, Abeokuta, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18045400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Agriculture Ogun State, Abeokuta, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18045400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-anomaly-detection","display_name":"network anomaly detection","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-traffic-classification","display_name":"network traffic classification","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nsl-kdd","display_name":"NSL-KDD dataset","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-lstm","display_name":"bidirectional LSTM","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gated-recurrent-unit","display_name":"gated recurrent unit","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-short-term-memory","display_name":"long short-term memory","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-networks","display_name":"recurrent neural networks","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"transformer models","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"network security","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-networks","display_name":"autonomous networks","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-troubleshooting","display_name":"network troubleshooting","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-comparison","display_name":"model comparison","score":0.4790000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6779000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6376000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147494362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2078905","display_name":"Troubleshooting","level":2,"score":0.6166999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5985999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4837999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104122410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416406","display_name":"Network model","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210171039","display_name":"Journal of Independent Studies and Research - Computing","issn_l":"1998-4154","issn":["1998-4154","2412-0448"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36448004","host_organization_name":"Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36448004"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Independent Studies and Research Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8c66e3394a9842e99824a5880d6439f8","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8c66e3394a9842e99824a5880d6439f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"JISR on Computing, Vol 24, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31645/jisrc.26.24.1.3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210171039","display_name":"Journal of Independent Studies and Research - Computing","issn_l":"1998-4154","issn":["1998-4154","2412-0448"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36448004","host_organization_name":"Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36448004"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Independent Studies and Research Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165551648","https://openalex.org/W2809581102","https://openalex.org/W2975370684","https://openalex.org/W4396648087","https://openalex.org/W3080933418","https://openalex.org/W4392945197","https://openalex.org/W3203072121","https://openalex.org/W2868264782","https://openalex.org/W4382936775","https://openalex.org/W7169009001"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"\u2013":[1],"To":[2],"identify":[3],"anomalies":[4,58],"in":[5,63],"network":[6,57,71,207,234],"traffic":[7],"patterns":[8],"through":[9],"the":[10,50,65,117,156,211,214],"NSL-KDD":[11],"datasets,":[12],"this":[13,60],"study":[14,200],"created":[15],"and":[16,42,67,83,95,104,113,134,139,152,179,183,209,230],"tested":[17,96],"six":[18],"deep":[19,203],"models:":[20],"Recurrent":[21,30],"Neural":[22,34],"Networks":[23,35],"(RNN),":[24],"Long":[25,38],"Short-Term":[26,39],"Memory":[27,40],"(LSTM),":[28],"Gated":[29],"Units":[31],"(GRU),":[32],"Convolutional":[33],"(CNN),":[36],"Bidirectional":[37],"(BiLSTM),":[41],"Transformer.":[43],"The":[44,73,122,220],"main":[45],"aim":[46],"was":[47,143],"to":[48,55,116,232],"evaluate":[49],"performance":[51,212,229],"of":[52,69,78,81,137,213,227],"these":[53],"models":[54,92,131,205],"detect":[56],"as":[59],"is":[61,197],"critical":[62],"providing":[64],"security":[66,208],"integrity":[68],"autonomous":[70],"systems.":[72],"data":[74],"preprocessing":[75],"phase":[76],"comprised":[77],"normalization,":[79],"splitting":[80],"data,":[82],"dimensionality":[84],"reduction":[85],"using":[86,97,191,202],"Principal":[87],"Component":[88],"Analysis":[89],"(PCA).":[90],"All":[91],"were":[93],"trained":[94],"high-performance":[98],"metrics":[99],"like":[100,108],"accuracy,":[101,147,182],"precision,":[102],"recall,":[103],"F1-score":[105],"with":[106,132,145,162,168],"libraries":[107],"TensorFlow,":[109],"Pandas,":[110],"Matplotlib,":[111],"NumPy,":[112],"Scikit-learnand.":[114],"According":[115],"results,":[118],"BiLSTM":[119,126,178,215],"performed":[120,127,159],"better.":[121],"findings":[123,166],"showed":[124],"that:":[125],"better":[128],"than":[129],"other":[130],"precision":[133],"recall":[135],"rates":[136],"98.43%":[138],"98.13%,":[140],"respectively.":[141],"GRU":[142,192],"second":[144],"95.51%":[146],"followed":[148],"by":[149,172],"LSTM":[150],"(94.15%)":[151],"CNN":[153],"(92.78%).":[154],"Surprisingly,":[155],"Transformer":[157],"model":[158,216,228],"very":[160],"poorly":[161],"6.00%":[163],"accuracy.":[164],"These":[165],"resonate":[167],"previous":[169],"studies":[170],"conducted":[171],"Imran":[173],"et":[174,185],"al.,":[175,186],"who":[176,187],"used":[177],"achieved":[180,188],"91.36%":[181],"Li":[184],"82.87%":[189],"accuracy":[190],"on":[193,201],"NSL-KDD.":[194],"This":[195],"work":[196,222],"a":[198],"useful":[199],"learning":[204],"for":[206,217],"verifies":[210],"anomaly":[218],"detection.":[219],"future":[221],"will":[223],"explore":[224],"further":[225],"improvement":[226],"adjustment":[231],"new":[233],"threats.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2026-07-07T00:00:00"}