{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167499343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.732","title":"R ESEARCH QA: Evaluating Scholarly Question Answering at Scale Across 75 Fields with Survey-Mined Questions and Rubrics","display_name":"R ESEARCH QA: Evaluating Scholarly Question Answering at Scale Across 75 Fields with Survey-Mined Questions and Rubrics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167499343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.732"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl.a.732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.732","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128064132","display_name":"Li S. Yifei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li S. Yifei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, liyifei@seas.upenn.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, liyifei@seas.upenn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Allen Chang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, cylumn@seas.upenn.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, cylumn@seas.upenn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037500486","display_name":"Chaitanya Malaviya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaitanya Malaviya","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039205261","display_name":"Mark Yatskar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Yatskar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47461739,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"1344","last_page":"1368"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.4629000127315521,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.4629000127315521,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.45579999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.024900000542402267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-evaluation","display_name":"LLM evaluation","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubrics","display_name":"rubrics","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-coverage","display_name":"citation coverage","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explanation-quality","display_name":"explanation quality","score":0.4410000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.9836000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.774399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6162999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.5313000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776916960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637156","display_name":"Warrant","level":2,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.45730000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173481278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257997","display_name":"Survey research","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.26080000400543213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl.a.732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl.a.732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.46739742159843445,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546171873","https://openalex.org/W2251397412","https://openalex.org/W2970482702","https://openalex.org/W3015453090","https://openalex.org/W3092309472","https://openalex.org/W3128754101","https://openalex.org/W3134521268","https://openalex.org/W3161820423","https://openalex.org/W4385570853","https://openalex.org/W4385573636","https://openalex.org/W4389523897","https://openalex.org/W4401042427","https://openalex.org/W4402683744","https://openalex.org/W4402683817","https://openalex.org/W4402684226","https://openalex.org/W4404782460","https://openalex.org/W4404782475","https://openalex.org/W4404783034","https://openalex.org/W4406237254","https://openalex.org/W4408666882","https://openalex.org/W4412886885","https://openalex.org/W4415795595","https://openalex.org/W4415797148","https://openalex.org/W4416036871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168405860","https://openalex.org/W4416189150","https://openalex.org/W7077555568","https://openalex.org/W7134811218","https://openalex.org/W7168249844","https://openalex.org/W4416035065","https://openalex.org/W7165399758","https://openalex.org/W4414968535","https://openalex.org/W7124180632","https://openalex.org/W7125192773"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Evaluating":[1],"long-form":[2],"responses":[3],"to":[4,27,129,185],"research":[5,16,38,65],"queries":[6,69,109],"is":[7,40],"increasingly":[8],"important":[9],"for":[10,55],"LLM":[11,57],"agents,":[12],"particularly":[13],"emerging":[14],"deep":[15],"systems.":[17],"Such":[18],"evaluation":[19,89],"heavily":[20],"relies":[21],"on":[22,145],"expert":[23],"annotators,":[24],"restricting":[25],"attention":[26],"areas":[28],"like":[29],"AI":[30],"where":[31,83],"researchers":[32],"can":[33],"conveniently":[34],"enlist":[35],"colleagues.":[36],"Yet,":[37],"expertise":[39],"abundant:":[41],"survey":[42,61,81],"articles":[43,62],"consolidate":[44],"knowledge":[45],"spread":[46],"across":[47],"the":[48,150,160],"literature.":[49],"We":[50,126,181],"introduce":[51],"RESEARCHQA,":[52],"a":[53,122],"resource":[54],"evaluating":[56],"systems":[58,132],"by":[59],"distilling":[60],"from":[63,80],"75":[64],"felds":[66],"into":[67],"21K":[68],"and":[70,75,96,114,149,176],"160K":[71],"rubric":[72,84,117,147,170],"items.":[73,180],"Queries":[74],"rubrics":[76],"are":[77],"jointly":[78],"derived":[79],"sections,":[82],"items":[85,118],"list":[86],"query-specific":[87],"answer":[88],"criteria,":[90],"i.e.,":[91],"citing":[92],"papers,":[93],"making":[94],"explanations,":[95],"describing":[97],"limitations.":[98],"31":[99],"Ph.D.":[100,111],"annotators":[101],"in":[102,133],"8":[103],"fields":[104],"judge":[105],"that":[106,159],"90%":[107],"of":[108,116,121,168,173,178],"reflect":[110],"information":[112],"needs":[113],"87%":[115],"warrant":[119],"emphasis":[120],"sentence":[123],"or":[124,138],"longer.":[125],"leverage":[127],"RESEARCHQA":[128],"evaluate":[130,142],"18":[131],"7.6K":[134],"head-to-heads.":[135],"No":[136],"parametric":[137],"retrieval-augmented":[139],"system":[140,152,162],"we":[141],"exceeds":[143],"70%":[144],"covering":[146],"items,":[148,171,175],"highest-ranking":[151,161],"shows":[153],"75%":[154],"coverage.":[155],"Error":[156],"analysis":[157],"reveals":[158],"fully":[163],"addresses":[164],"less":[165],"than":[166],"11%":[167],"citation":[169],"48%":[172],"limitation":[174],"49%":[177],"comparison":[179],"release":[182],"our":[183],"data":[184],"facilitate":[186],"more":[187],"comprehensive":[188],"multi-field":[189],"evaluations.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-07-07T00:00:00"}