{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167455116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735351","title":"Meditation Depth Enhances the Functional Signal-to-Noise Ratio of the Brain","display_name":"Meditation Depth Enhances the Functional Signal-to-Noise Ratio of the Brain","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167455116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735351"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735351","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/07/06/2026.06.30.735351.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/07/06/2026.06.30.735351.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140143658","display_name":"Mihir Nath","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihir Nath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","Flourishing Intelligence Program, Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flourishing Intelligence Program, Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074906183","display_name":"Nicco Reggente","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0511-9962","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0511-9962"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicco Reggente","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0511-9962","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140108593","display_name":"Neil Bailey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Bailey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043559110","display_name":"Morten L. Kringelbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-6898","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-6898"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morten Kringelbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","Flourishing Intelligence Program, Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flourishing Intelligence Program, Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066145746","display_name":"Ruben Laukkonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8848-9231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8848-9231","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5887-8604"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruben Laukkonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","Flourishing Intelligence Program, Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","LIFE, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flourishing Intelligence Program, Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIFE, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066145746"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10708","display_name":"Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions","score":0.9179999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10708","display_name":"Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions","score":0.9179999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vipassana-meditation","display_name":"Vipassana meditation","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-clarity","display_name":"mental clarity","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event-related-potentials","display_name":"event-related potentials","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/p300","display_name":"P300","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contemplative-neuroscience","display_name":"contemplative neuroscience","score":0.5619999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.7932999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521822307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108458","display_name":"Meditation","level":2,"score":0.784500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.7092999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6004999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.45980000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178288346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123855","display_name":"Contemplation","level":2,"score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130093455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173253","display_name":"Sensation","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776141515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1274479","display_name":"Repetition (rhetorical device)","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776861996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241849","display_name":"Sensory processing","level":3,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120575601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4820033","display_name":"Auditory imagery","level":4,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18676","display_name":"Auditory cortex","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987654038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859031","display_name":"Tactile stimuli","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735351","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/07/06/2026.06.30.735351.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735351","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/07/06/2026.06.30.735351.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7167455116.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7167455116.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525254066","https://openalex.org/W1987937684","https://openalex.org/W2003367638","https://openalex.org/W2054926064","https://openalex.org/W2064632764","https://openalex.org/W2082246284","https://openalex.org/W2084473597","https://openalex.org/W2093668364","https://openalex.org/W2097395674","https://openalex.org/W2101890738","https://openalex.org/W2104640717","https://openalex.org/W2106006415","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2110229159","https://openalex.org/W2112313930","https://openalex.org/W2123649031","https://openalex.org/W2136435696","https://openalex.org/W2144241704","https://openalex.org/W2145637681","https://openalex.org/W2148764920","https://openalex.org/W2149023664","https://openalex.org/W2151226405","https://openalex.org/W2151443397","https://openalex.org/W2152673832","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2169918686","https://openalex.org/W2294799647","https://openalex.org/W2566775857","https://openalex.org/W2599251041","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3013014106","https://openalex.org/W3082290771","https://openalex.org/W3160885204","https://openalex.org/W3216075292","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4292933682","https://openalex.org/W4361222970","https://openalex.org/W4389373363","https://openalex.org/W4403458166","https://openalex.org/W7166702368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166702368","https://openalex.org/W2604661964","https://openalex.org/W4400774261","https://openalex.org/W7083828546","https://openalex.org/W1962999584","https://openalex.org/W4285133419","https://openalex.org/W4403458166","https://openalex.org/W3149399666","https://openalex.org/W2153257584","https://openalex.org/W3176546291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Across":[1],"contemplative":[2],"traditions,":[3],"deeper":[4],"states":[5,11,138],"of":[6,12,18,47,59,94,111,129,153,170,187],"meditation":[7,71,176],"are":[8],"described":[9],"as":[10,43],"heightened":[13],"clarity,":[14],"vividness,":[15],"and":[16,125,150,167,190],"stillness":[17],"mind,":[19],"yet":[20],"what":[21],"this":[22,89],"clarity":[23,42,186],"corresponds":[24],"to":[25,32,52],"in":[26,80,120,164],"the":[27,50,57,165,178,185],"brain":[28,54],"has":[29],"remained":[30],"difficult":[31],"specify.":[33],"The":[34],"functional":[35,180],"signal-to-noise":[36,144,181],"ratio":[37,182],"(f-SNR)":[38],"framework":[39],"frames":[40],"mental":[41],"a":[44,121],"measurable":[45],"property":[46],"neural":[48,81],"signals:":[49],"degree":[51],"which":[53],"activity":[55,132],"tracks":[56],"causes":[58],"sensory":[60,76,171,188],"signals":[61,82,189],"rather":[62],"than":[63],"task-irrelevant":[64,192],"endogenous":[65,193],"activity.":[66,86],"It":[67],"predicts":[68],"that":[69,159],"deepening":[70],"should":[72],"raise":[73],"f-SNR,":[74],"expressing":[75],"events":[77],"more":[78],"faithfully":[79],"against":[83,133],"ongoing":[84],"background":[85,135],"We":[87],"tested":[88],"prediction":[90],"across":[91],"different":[92],"levels":[93],"meditative":[95,160],"depth.":[96],"Twenty-nine":[97],"experienced":[98],"Vipassana":[99],"practitioners":[100],"meditated":[101],"while":[102],"auditory":[103,130],"tones":[104],"were":[105,139],"presented,":[106],"periodically":[107],"reporting":[108],"their":[109],"depth":[110,161],"meditation.":[112],"f-SNR":[113],"was":[114],"quantified":[115],"from":[116,126],"event-related":[117],"potentials":[118],"(ERPs)":[119],"fronto-central":[122],"P3":[123],"window":[124],"single-trial":[127,147],"decodability":[128,152],"tone-evoked":[131],"no-tone":[134],"EEG.":[136],"High-depth":[137],"associated":[140],"with":[141,174],"greater":[142],"ERP":[143],"ratio,":[145],"stronger":[146],"signal":[148],"consistency,":[149],"improved":[151],"sound":[154],"tones.":[155],"These":[156],"results":[157],"suggest":[158],"is":[162],"expressed":[163],"reproducibility":[166],"stimulus-background":[168],"separability":[169],"responses,":[172],"consistent":[173],"deep":[175],"enhancing":[177],"brain\u2019s":[179],"by":[183],"improving":[184],"reducing":[191],"processes.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-07-07T00:00:00"}
