{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167355809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065","title":"Epidemiology of antimicrobial use in Malawi: a cross-sectional study using World Health Organisation core antimicrobial use indicators in faith-based health facilities","display_name":"Epidemiology of antimicrobial use in Malawi: a cross-sectional study using World Health Organisation core antimicrobial use indicators in faith-based health facilities","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167355809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/07/04/2026.07.01.26357065.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/07/04/2026.07.01.26357065.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098676586","display_name":"Evans Chimayi Chirambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-8931","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-8931"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133802","display_name":"Christian Health Association of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/046e8j462","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928428","display_name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00khnq787","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}],"countries":["GB","MW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Evans Chimayi Chirambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","Public Health Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi","School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, and School of Nursing, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHES), Blantyre, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-8931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, and School of Nursing, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHES), Blantyre, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028952962","display_name":"Francis Kachidza Chiumia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3548-8061","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3548-8061"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928428","display_name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00khnq787","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis Kachidza Chiumia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, and School of Nursing, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHES), Blantyre, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, and School of Nursing, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHES), Blantyre, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070721728","display_name":"Dumisani Nkhoma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-5072","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-5072"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120125038","display_name":"Bond University","ror":"https://ror.org/006jxzx88","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120125038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133802","display_name":"Christian Health Association of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/046e8j462","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}],"countries":["AU","MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dumisani Enricho Nkhoma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","Institute of Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120125038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049795285","display_name":"Collins Mitambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6840-4958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6840-4958"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089421","display_name":"Public Health Institute of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/004rh7a97","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127845","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0357r2107","country_code":"MW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127845"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Collins Mitambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordinating Center, Public Health Institute of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordinating Center, Public Health Institute of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089421","https://openalex.org/I4210127845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116198701","display_name":"Alex Thawani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2991-5366","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2991-5366"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089421","display_name":"Public Health Institute of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/004rh7a97","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127845","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0357r2107","country_code":"MW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127845"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Thawani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordinating Center, Public Health Institute of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordinating Center, Public Health Institute of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089421","https://openalex.org/I4210127845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140029723","display_name":"Taonga Lindiwe Msiska","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928428","display_name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00khnq787","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taonga Msiska","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, and School of Nursing, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHES), Blantyre, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, and School of Nursing, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHES), Blantyre, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098676588","display_name":"Sharon Odeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8069-4446","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8069-4446"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon Odeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network (EPN), Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network (EPN), Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093960973","display_name":"Judith Asin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judith Asin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network (EPN), Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network (EPN), Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140052887","display_name":"Matias John","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133802","display_name":"Christian Health Association of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/046e8j462","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matias John","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140025264","display_name":"Waratchaya Chuaikan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waratchaya Chuaikan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060255076","display_name":"Martin Kamilo Angwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1211-7762","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1211-7762"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Angwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113770500","display_name":"Patience Khomani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patience Khomani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Ekwendeni College of Health Sciences (ECOHS), Mzimba, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Ekwendeni College of Health Sciences (ECOHS), Mzimba, Malawi","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054090604","display_name":"Innocent Chibwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-0993","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-0993"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089421","display_name":"Public Health Institute of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/004rh7a97","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127845","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0357r2107","country_code":"MW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127845"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Innocent Chibwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordinating Center, Public Health Institute of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordinating Center, Public Health Institute of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089421","https://openalex.org/I4210127845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099421258","display_name":"Simon Matchado","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Matchado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT, Pharmacy and Medicines Regulatory Authority (PMRA), Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT, Pharmacy and Medicines Regulatory Authority (PMRA), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081438317","display_name":"Chikhulupiliro Chimwaza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800899879","display_name":"Kamuzu Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/022j3nr24","country_code":"MW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800899879"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chikhulupiliro Chimwaza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800899879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098676591","display_name":"Pacharo Matchere","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133802","display_name":"Christian Health Association of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/046e8j462","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pacharo Matchere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098676592","display_name":"Beatrice Chiweza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133802","display_name":"Christian Health Association of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/046e8j462","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice Chiweza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034246495","display_name":"Elled Mwenyekonde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-2431","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-2431"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133802","display_name":"Christian Health Association of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/046e8j462","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elled Mwenyekonde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031262349","display_name":"Elizabeth Kampira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-3272","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-3272"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928428","display_name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00khnq787","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Kampira","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, and School of Nursing, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHES), Blantyre, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, and School of Nursing, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHES), Blantyre, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025516000","display_name":"Elimase Kamanga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133802","display_name":"Christian Health Association of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/046e8j462","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elimase Kamanga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140049333","display_name":"Zione Salima","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133802","display_name":"Christian Health Association of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/046e8j462","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zione Salima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056480712","display_name":"Clifford George Banda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0757-5259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0757-5259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095227","display_name":"Eli Lilly (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00psab413","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168537998","https://openalex.org/I4210095227"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clifford George Banda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Research & Development, Eli Lilly, Berkshire, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research & Development, Eli Lilly, Berkshire, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098676593","display_name":"Happy Makala","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133802","display_name":"Christian Health Association of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/046e8j462","country_code":"MW","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Happy Makala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Programmes, Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133802"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5098676586"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I4210133802","https://openalex.org/I4403928428"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11080","display_name":"Surgical site infection prevention","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-use","display_name":"antimicrobial use","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-resistance","display_name":"antimicrobial resistance","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-stewardship","display_name":"antimicrobial stewardship","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generic-drug-names","display_name":"generic drug names","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacists","display_name":"pharmacists","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malawi","display_name":"Malawi","score":0.9729999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100406419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543802","display_name":"Formulary","level":2,"score":0.892300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776040555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19903321","display_name":"Antimicrobial stewardship","level":4,"score":0.7243000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.600600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5717999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104863432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614304","display_name":"Pharmacy","level":2,"score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.4968999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4853000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3853999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142546437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661195","display_name":"Descriptive research","level":2,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777950569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021836","display_name":"Stewardship (theology)","level":3,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775949068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4260475","display_name":"Health facility","level":4,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46578552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725393","display_name":"Global health","level":3,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780120632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7092706","display_name":"One Health","level":3,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019806175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939","display_name":"Health professionals","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524218345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31218","display_name":"Health economics","level":3,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780877353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253","display_name":"Health services research","level":3,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777424817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35456","display_name":"Essential medicines","level":3,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/07/04/2026.07.01.26357065.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.01.26357065","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/07/04/2026.07.01.26357065.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7167355809.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7167355809.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058655291","https://openalex.org/W2120201964","https://openalex.org/W2427692326","https://openalex.org/W2748706728","https://openalex.org/W2778896509","https://openalex.org/W2977966448","https://openalex.org/W3092341346","https://openalex.org/W3160689715","https://openalex.org/W3214614787","https://openalex.org/W4200320255","https://openalex.org/W4200340648","https://openalex.org/W4206016740","https://openalex.org/W4309316689","https://openalex.org/W4310601356","https://openalex.org/W4375956009","https://openalex.org/W4386752776","https://openalex.org/W4389932972","https://openalex.org/W4395667419","https://openalex.org/W4402933552","https://openalex.org/W4403074631","https://openalex.org/W4403625657","https://openalex.org/W4403767474","https://openalex.org/W4404833916","https://openalex.org/W4405563751","https://openalex.org/W4411455183","https://openalex.org/W4414167144","https://openalex.org/W4414417581","https://openalex.org/W4414477700","https://openalex.org/W4414705971","https://openalex.org/W4415406547","https://openalex.org/W4415532173","https://openalex.org/W4416388686","https://openalex.org/W7135037796","https://openalex.org/W7154707818","https://openalex.org/W7155081637"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6941273248","https://openalex.org/W4405563751","https://openalex.org/W4411192962","https://openalex.org/W4411253222","https://openalex.org/W7213142563","https://openalex.org/W6962981843","https://openalex.org/W7115811847","https://openalex.org/W4385757792","https://openalex.org/W7204457655","https://openalex.org/W4410844869"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Antimicrobial":[2,166],"resistance":[3],"(AMR)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,13,156],"major":[7],"public":[8],"health":[9,20,50,73,120,173,190],"threat":[10],"globally,":[11],"with":[12,148],"disproportionate":[14],"burden":[15],"in":[16,34,44,70,117,171,175,188],"sub-Saharan":[17,179],"Africa.":[18],"Faith-based":[19],"facilities":[21,51,74,174],"provide":[22],"essential":[23],"healthcare":[24],"services":[25],"to":[26,135,154],"underserved":[27],"populations,":[28],"yet":[29],"data":[30],"on":[31],"antimicrobial":[32,42,129],"use":[33,43,59],"these":[35],"settings":[36],"remain":[37,169],"limited.":[38],"Aim":[39],"To":[40],"assess":[41],"Christian":[45],"Health":[46,55],"Association":[47],"of":[48,104,119],"Malawi":[49,76,176],"using":[52,96,143],"the":[53,182],"World":[54],"Organisation":[56],"core":[57],"medicine":[58],"indicators.":[60],"Materials":[61],"and":[62,80,91,94,98,139,177],"Methods":[63],"A":[64],"multicentre":[65],"cross-sectional":[66],"study":[67],"was":[68,107],"conducted":[69],"29":[71],"CHAM":[72],"across":[75,178],"between":[77],"January":[78],"2024":[79],"June":[81],"2025.":[82],"Data":[83],"were":[84,115,141,151],"collected":[85],"from":[86],"facility":[87],"personnel,":[88],"inpatient":[89],"prescriptions,":[90],"patient":[92],"interviews":[93],"analysed":[95],"descriptive":[97],"inferential":[99],"statistics.":[100],"Results":[101],"Average":[102],"availability":[103],"key":[105],"antimicrobials":[106],"33.1%":[108],"(95%":[109],"CI:":[110],"29.7\u201336.4),":[111],"while":[112],"customised":[113],"formularies":[114],"available":[116],"64.3%":[118],"facilities.":[121,191],"Among":[122],"660":[123],"prescriptions":[124],"analysed,":[125],"90.3%":[126],"contained":[127],"an":[128],"agent,":[130],"but":[131],"only":[132],"33.2%":[133],"adhered":[134],"standard":[136],"treatment":[137],"guidelines":[138],"43.6%":[140],"prescribed":[142],"full":[144],"generic":[145],"names.":[146],"Facilities":[147],"pharmacy":[149],"professionals":[150],"more":[152],"likely":[153],"have":[155],"facility-specific":[157],"formulary":[158],"(84.6%":[159],"vs.":[160],"46.7%,":[161],"p":[162],"=":[163],"0.037).":[164],"Conclusion":[165],"stewardship":[167,186],"gaps":[168],"substantial":[170],"faith-based":[172,189],"Africa,":[180],"highlighting":[181],"need":[183],"for":[184],"targeted":[185],"programmes":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-07-05T00:00:00"}
