{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167054112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15101028","title":"Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in E. coli, Salmonella, and Enterobacter Species Isolated from Broiler Chicken Meat in Mzimba, Malawi: Insights from the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index","display_name":"Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in E. coli, Salmonella, and Enterobacter Species Isolated from Broiler Chicken Meat in Mzimba, Malawi: Insights from the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167054112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15101028","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42938769","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13700800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/antibiotics15101028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15101028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15101028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736332253","display_name":"Antibiotics","issn_l":"2079-6382","issn":["2079-6382"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antibiotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15101028","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120477118","display_name":"Abel Compbel Chipembo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7839-1389","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7839-1389"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abel Compbel Chipembo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017124860","display_name":"Martin Henderson Kalumbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-1574","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-1574"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Henderson Kalumbi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032862936","display_name":"Aminata Kamara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aminata Kamara","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137538655","display_name":"Koroma Nasserah Fatmata","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasserah Fatmata Koroma","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139889566","display_name":"Marie Louise Iragena","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie Louise Iragena","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139856479","display_name":"Kumbukani Chikosa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kumbukani Chikosa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139908254","display_name":"Mary Maimu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Maimu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120384609","display_name":"Goliath Eneya Zulu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4320-3168","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4320-3168"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goliath Eneya Zulu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059196679","display_name":"Precious Innocent Mastala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-4856","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-4856"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Precious Innocent Mastala","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121275212","display_name":"Sam Mvula","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Mvula","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126775504","display_name":"Thomas S. G. Malinki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5680-3826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5680-3826"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Malinki","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5680-3826","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110207163","display_name":"Rejoice Msiska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8918-7730","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8918-7730"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rejoice Msiska","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8918-7730","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121276506","display_name":"Alberto Pondja","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Pondja","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139922492","display_name":"Janelisa Musaya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janelisa Musaya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073628863","display_name":"B\u00e9lisario Moiane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0542-6388","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0542-6388"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Belis\u00e1rio Moiane","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036128479","display_name":"N\u00edura Madalena Bila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4236-3366","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4236-3366"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niura Madalena Bila","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120477118"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39376344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"1028","last_page":"1028"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.7896000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.7896000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.1340000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10486","display_name":"Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology","score":0.0714000016450882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-resistance","display_name":"antimicrobial resistance","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-antibiotic-resistance-index","display_name":"multiple antibiotic resistance index","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broiler-meat","display_name":"broiler meat","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escherichia-coli","display_name":"Escherichia coli","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salmonella","display_name":"Salmonella","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterobacter","display_name":"Enterobacter","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidrug-resistance","display_name":"multidrug resistance","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ampicillin-resistance","display_name":"ampicillin resistance","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meropenem-resistance","display_name":"meropenem resistance","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tetracycline-resistance","display_name":"tetracycline resistance","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-health","display_name":"One Health","score":0.9380000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780923616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193045","display_name":"Tetracycline","level":3,"score":0.7717000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.7411999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780289900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326301","display_name":"Broiler","level":2,"score":0.7067999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776021129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244150","display_name":"Ampicillin","level":3,"score":0.7009000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.6355999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6176000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779375183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421670","display_name":"Meropenem","level":4,"score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778983983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134281","display_name":"Enterobacter","level":4,"score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183641309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306264","display_name":"Amp resistance","level":4,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114851261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147416","display_name":"Drug resistance","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4038096","display_name":"Enterobacter cloacae","level":5,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/antibiotics15101028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15101028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15101028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736332253","display_name":"Antibiotics","issn_l":"2079-6382","issn":["2079-6382"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antibiotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202607.0053.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202607.0053.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202607.0053.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13700800","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13700800/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13700800/pdf/antibiotics-15-01028.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antibiotics (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42938769","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42938769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7f863bead3df40598ac690b8575810ae","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7f863bead3df40598ac690b8575810ae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Antibiotics, Vol 15, Iss 10, p 1028 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/antibiotics15101028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15101028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15101028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736332253","display_name":"Antibiotics","issn_l":"2079-6382","issn":["2079-6382"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antibiotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7167054112.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7167054112.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W607160061","https://openalex.org/W611141052","https://openalex.org/W1568732296","https://openalex.org/W1998643818","https://openalex.org/W2041993759","https://openalex.org/W2101659606","https://openalex.org/W2112540214","https://openalex.org/W2174481467","https://openalex.org/W2299586077","https://openalex.org/W2542219407","https://openalex.org/W2628108388","https://openalex.org/W2705005834","https://openalex.org/W2746114398","https://openalex.org/W2899172641","https://openalex.org/W2899891847","https://openalex.org/W2909412404","https://openalex.org/W2913944171","https://openalex.org/W2929934094","https://openalex.org/W2940945019","https://openalex.org/W2967844082","https://openalex.org/W2969465689","https://openalex.org/W2982388732","https://openalex.org/W2991050596","https://openalex.org/W2991446439","https://openalex.org/W3012411233","https://openalex.org/W3013280387","https://openalex.org/W3042630853","https://openalex.org/W3049063657","https://openalex.org/W3097844418","https://openalex.org/W3114471790","https://openalex.org/W3116303548","https://openalex.org/W3128777554","https://openalex.org/W3129052970","https://openalex.org/W3132375528","https://openalex.org/W3134030415","https://openalex.org/W3176151300","https://openalex.org/W3178023918","https://openalex.org/W3201895015","https://openalex.org/W3208844512","https://openalex.org/W4200231177","https://openalex.org/W4205683173","https://openalex.org/W4205760493","https://openalex.org/W4223964486","https://openalex.org/W4281391568","https://openalex.org/W4285096745","https://openalex.org/W4293078199","https://openalex.org/W4307273986","https://openalex.org/W4308106377","https://openalex.org/W4312123967","https://openalex.org/W4312578043","https://openalex.org/W4313499706","https://openalex.org/W4318765520","https://openalex.org/W4379095505","https://openalex.org/W4387300998","https://openalex.org/W4388017628","https://openalex.org/W4389434868","https://openalex.org/W4389670417","https://openalex.org/W4390747230","https://openalex.org/W4392302030","https://openalex.org/W4392628308","https://openalex.org/W4393380881","https://openalex.org/W4396935651","https://openalex.org/W4399142839","https://openalex.org/W4400194172","https://openalex.org/W4401211162","https://openalex.org/W4404552743","https://openalex.org/W4405335631","https://openalex.org/W4405397439","https://openalex.org/W4410324966","https://openalex.org/W4410842999","https://openalex.org/W4413148386","https://openalex.org/W4413961379","https://openalex.org/W4416133745","https://openalex.org/W4417296570","https://openalex.org/W4417498681","https://openalex.org/W7116982825","https://openalex.org/W7131360826","https://openalex.org/W7140320783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409537491","https://openalex.org/W3089110406","https://openalex.org/W7165518582","https://openalex.org/W3201895015","https://openalex.org/W4414757819","https://openalex.org/W4324131425","https://openalex.org/W4377115508","https://openalex.org/W4410358789","https://openalex.org/W4283575606","https://openalex.org/W3114471790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Antibiotic":[1],"resistance":[2,23,139,158],"is":[3,30],"becoming":[4],"a":[5],"serious":[6],"problem":[7],"in":[8,27,51,56,59,142,233],"chicken":[9,28,53,103],"production":[10],"globally":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,101,159,177,254],"the":[14,20,41,64,89,93,129,187,206,211,228],"use":[15],"of":[16,43,82,137,181,186,190,210,227],"antibiotics.":[17],"In":[18],"Mzimba,":[19],"multiple":[21],"antibiotic":[22,138],"index":[24,169,200,213,230],"(MARI)":[25],"pattern":[26],"meat":[29,54,84,104],"not":[31,35],"known":[32],"and":[33,48,68,77,111,124,150,164,184,194,223,252,256],"has":[34],"been":[36],"documented.":[37],"Objective:":[38],"To":[39],"assess":[40],"prevalence":[42,136],"antibiotic-resistant":[44],"Escherichia":[45],"coli,":[46,192],"Salmonella,":[47],"Enterobacter":[49,125,154,193],"species":[50,127],"broiler":[52],"sold":[55],"informal":[57,90],"markets":[58,91],"Mzimba":[60],"District,":[61],"Malawi,":[62],"using":[63,116],"MAR":[65,168,199,212,229],"index.":[66],"Materials":[67],"Method:":[69],"A":[70,80,95,179],"cross-sectional":[71],"study":[72],"was":[73,99,140,205],"conducted":[74],"between":[75],"March":[76],"May":[78],"2025.":[79],"total":[81,180],"100":[83],"samples":[85,105],"were":[86,114,128,171,231],"collected":[87],"from":[88,106,175],"across":[92],"district.":[94],"stratified":[96],"sampling":[97],"technique":[98],"used":[100],"select":[102],"various":[107],"markets.":[108],"Descriptive":[109],"statistics":[110,113],"inferential":[112],"performed":[115],"R":[117],"version":[118],"4.5.3.":[119],"Results:":[120],"E.":[121,143,191],"coli":[122,144],"(69%)":[123],"(12%)":[126],"most":[130,207],"frequently":[131],"isolated":[132],"pathogens.":[133],"The":[134,167],"highest":[135],"observed":[141],"against":[145],"ampicillin":[146,162],"(91%),":[147],"meropenem":[148,165],"(83%),":[149,161],"tetracycline":[151,160],"(71%).":[152],"Similarly,":[153],"spp.":[155],"showed":[156],"substantial":[157],"(83%)":[163],"(75%).":[166],"values":[170,201],"considerably":[172],"high,":[173],"ranging":[174],"0.1":[176],"0.75.":[178],"97.1%,":[182],"91.7%":[183],"100%":[185],"positive":[188],"isolates":[189],"Salmonella":[195],"spp.,":[196],"respectively,":[197],"had":[198],"over":[202],"0.2.":[203],"Location":[204],"significant":[208],"predictor":[209],"(p":[214],"=":[215,220],"6.096":[216],"\u00d7":[217],"10\u22125,":[218],"\u03b72":[219],"0.372).":[221],"Conclusions":[222],"Recommendations:":[224],"High":[225],"levels":[226],"revealed":[232],"this":[234],"study.":[235],"As":[236],"such,":[237],"combating":[238],"MDR":[239],"requires":[240],"coordinated":[241],"multisectoral":[242],"approaches":[243],"through":[244],"One":[245],"Health":[246],"programs":[247],"that":[248],"integrate":[249],"surveillance,":[250],"policies,":[251],"innovation":[253],"prevent":[255],"control":[257],"antimicrobial":[258],"resistance.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-07-03T00:00:00"}
