{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166813086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c01010","title":"Revealing Microscale Hydrogel 3D Structural Features at Ambient Conditions Using Ptychographic X-ray Computed Tomography","display_name":"Revealing Microscale Hydrogel 3D Structural Features at Ambient Conditions Using Ptychographic X-ray Computed Tomography","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166813086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c01010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c01010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c01010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c01010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66104727","display_name":"Chemistry of Materials","issn_l":"0897-4756","issn":["0897-4756","1520-5002"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chemistry of Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098772330","display_name":"Tatiana Gregorio","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180910786","display_name":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica de Uruguay","ror":"https://ror.org/030bbe882","country_code":"UY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180910786"]}],"countries":["UY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tatiana Gregorio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro NanoMat & \u00c1rea F\u00edsica, Departamento de Experimentaci\u00f3n y Teor\u00eda de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones(DETEMA), Facultad de Qu\u00edmica","Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro NanoMat & \u00c1rea F\u00edsica, Departamento de Experimentaci\u00f3n y Teor\u00eda de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones(DETEMA), Facultad de Qu\u00edmica","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180910786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011271559","display_name":"Tiago Araujo Kalile","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6869-6609","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6869-6609"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106422","display_name":"Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01p6gzq21","country_code":"BR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106422","https://openalex.org/I4210151455","https://openalex.org/I4210152696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152696","display_name":"Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/05m235j20","country_code":"BR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151455","https://openalex.org/I4210152696"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiago A. Kalile","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)","Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023471752","display_name":"Florian Meneau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-7451","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-7451"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106422","display_name":"Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01p6gzq21","country_code":"BR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106422","https://openalex.org/I4210151455","https://openalex.org/I4210152696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152696","display_name":"Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/05m235j20","country_code":"BR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151455","https://openalex.org/I4210152696"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Meneau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)","Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS)","Institute of Chemistry (IQ)","University of Campinas (UNICAMP)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-7451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106422"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Chemistry (IQ)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Campinas (UNICAMP)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102793558","display_name":"Chunzhao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4432-0703","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4432-0703","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-4599"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270602","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles","ror":"https://ror.org/010m3gk75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270602"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunzhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao University","State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072115406","display_name":"Xiaoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8684-9221","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8684-9221"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270602","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles","ror":"https://ror.org/010m3gk75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270602"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao University","State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8684-9221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161624178","display_name":"Chao Gao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116869","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/026e9yy16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tumor Immunology and Cytotherapy of Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Pancreatic Diseases","the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tumor Immunology and Cytotherapy of Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Pancreatic Diseases","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024","https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110527184","display_name":"Shunli Fu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116869","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/026e9yy16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunli Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tumor Immunology and Cytotherapy of Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Pancreatic Diseases","the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tumor Immunology and Cytotherapy of Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Pancreatic Diseases","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024","https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025952671","display_name":"Dominique Mombr\u00fa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1351-5172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1351-5172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180910786","display_name":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica de Uruguay","ror":"https://ror.org/030bbe882","country_code":"UY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180910786"]}],"countries":["UY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominique Mombr\u00fa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro NanoMat & \u00c1rea F\u00edsica, Departamento de Experimentaci\u00f3n y Teor\u00eda de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones(DETEMA), Facultad de Qu\u00edmica","Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro NanoMat & \u00c1rea F\u00edsica, Departamento de Experimentaci\u00f3n y Teor\u00eda de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones(DETEMA), Facultad de Qu\u00edmica","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180910786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063825342","display_name":"Mariano Romero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-2598","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-2598"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180910786","display_name":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica de Uruguay","ror":"https://ror.org/030bbe882","country_code":"UY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180910786"]}],"countries":["UY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mariano Romero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro NanoMat & \u00c1rea F\u00edsica, Departamento de Experimentaci\u00f3n y Teor\u00eda de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones(DETEMA), Facultad de Qu\u00edmica","Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-2598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro NanoMat & \u00c1rea F\u00edsica, Departamento de Experimentaci\u00f3n y Teor\u00eda de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones(DETEMA), Facultad de Qu\u00edmica","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180910786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088975771","display_name":"\u00c1lvaro W. Mombr\u00fa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7795-2638","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7795-2638"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180910786","display_name":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica de Uruguay","ror":"https://ror.org/030bbe882","country_code":"UY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180910786"]}],"countries":["UY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alvaro W. Mombr\u00fa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro NanoMat & \u00c1rea F\u00edsica, Departamento de Experimentaci\u00f3n y Teor\u00eda de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones(DETEMA), Facultad de Qu\u00edmica","Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7795-2638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro NanoMat & \u00c1rea F\u00edsica, Departamento de Experimentaci\u00f3n y Teor\u00eda de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones(DETEMA), Facultad de Qu\u00edmica","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180910786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025952671","https://openalex.org/A5063825342","https://openalex.org/A5088975771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180910786"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"13","first_page":"6812","last_page":"6821"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11183","display_name":"Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11183","display_name":"Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10343","display_name":"Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10491","display_name":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogels","display_name":"hydrogels","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-structure","display_name":"pore structure","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"porosity","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-connectivity","display_name":"pore connectivity","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-throat-size","display_name":"pore throat size","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambient-conditions","display_name":"ambient conditions","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ptychographic-x-ray-computed-tomography","display_name":"ptychographic X-ray computed tomography","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-microstructures","display_name":"three-dimensional microstructures","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-transfer","display_name":"mass transfer","score":0.7419999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179428855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069216","display_name":"Microscale chemistry","level":2,"score":0.8718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7371000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.39559999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020205268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038886","display_name":"Imaging technique","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c01010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c01010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c01010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66104727","display_name":"Chemistry of Materials","issn_l":"0897-4756","issn":["0897-4756","1520-5002"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chemistry of Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2037177660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFE0104100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7009157525","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20241631, 20232574, 20231439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327334","funder_display_name":"Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327334","display_name":"Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais","ror":"https://ror.org/05m235j20"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1813798909","https://openalex.org/W1966288407","https://openalex.org/W1991111225","https://openalex.org/W2009741028","https://openalex.org/W2022462155","https://openalex.org/W2029521820","https://openalex.org/W2033523777","https://openalex.org/W2058716938","https://openalex.org/W2099540110","https://openalex.org/W2116749344","https://openalex.org/W2119708685","https://openalex.org/W2142894245","https://openalex.org/W2152632974","https://openalex.org/W2322706961","https://openalex.org/W2362472408","https://openalex.org/W2576138242","https://openalex.org/W2772629285","https://openalex.org/W2888947357","https://openalex.org/W2911823057","https://openalex.org/W2922844087","https://openalex.org/W2952528037","https://openalex.org/W2985540176","https://openalex.org/W2994369083","https://openalex.org/W3011398701","https://openalex.org/W3016447325","https://openalex.org/W3021389291","https://openalex.org/W3129752970","https://openalex.org/W3193179135","https://openalex.org/W4205175211","https://openalex.org/W4211184525","https://openalex.org/W4220754876","https://openalex.org/W4288052788","https://openalex.org/W4294167791","https://openalex.org/W4364374976","https://openalex.org/W4386387227","https://openalex.org/W4389990182","https://openalex.org/W4399748818","https://openalex.org/W4401044038","https://openalex.org/W4401171848","https://openalex.org/W4403541973","https://openalex.org/W4409657421","https://openalex.org/W4411043505","https://openalex.org/W4415813307","https://openalex.org/W4417214353","https://openalex.org/W7126279556"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411376644","https://openalex.org/W1749574773","https://openalex.org/W2610797692","https://openalex.org/W4386387227","https://openalex.org/W2145262343","https://openalex.org/W6987621738","https://openalex.org/W2010369500","https://openalex.org/W2564865816","https://openalex.org/W6962774261","https://openalex.org/W3039989441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hydrogels":[0],"and":[1,23,36,45,67,87,118,128,131,142,160,187],"microscale":[2],"hydrogels":[3,71],"containing":[4],"micron-scale":[5],"pores":[6],"are":[7,72,149,181],"extensively":[8],"utilized":[9],"in":[10,33,58,173,189],"diverse":[11],"fields":[12],"because":[13],"of":[14,70,84,91,93,110],"their":[15,43],"superior":[16],"mass":[17],"transport":[18,170,185],"properties,":[19],"large":[20],"surface":[21],"area,":[22],"strong":[24],"resemblance":[25],"to":[26,151],"biological":[27,191],"tissues,":[28],"making":[29],"them":[30],"especially":[31],"valuable":[32],"biomedical":[34],"applications":[35],"devices.":[37],"For":[38],"this":[39,63],"reason,":[40],"accurately":[41],"characterizing":[42],"porosity":[44,119],"pore":[46,113,146,167],"interconnectivity":[47],"under":[48,100],"realistic":[49],"ambient":[50,101],"conditions\u2500rather":[51],"than":[52,177],"the":[53,65,111,136,174],"vacuum":[54],"environments":[55],"often":[56],"used":[57],"conventional":[59],"studies\u2500is":[60],"essential.":[61],"In":[62],"work,":[64],"nano-":[66],"microstructural":[68],"features":[69],"investigated":[73],"using":[74],"ptychographic":[75],"X-ray":[76],"computed":[77],"tomography":[78],"(PXCT),":[79],"achieving":[80],"a":[81,89,108],"spatial":[82],"resolution":[83],"127":[85],"nm":[86,156,162],"covering":[88],"field":[90],"view":[92],"approximately":[94],"100":[95],"\u00d7":[96],"30":[97],"\u03bcm":[98,127,141],"2":[99],"conditions.":[102],"The":[103],"hydrogel":[104],"microscopic":[105],"samples":[106],"exhibited":[107],"modification":[109],"bulk":[112,137],"size":[114],"(from":[115,120],"\u223c0.9":[116],"\u03bcm)":[117],"\u223c20%)":[121],"with":[122,132],"decreasing":[123],"thickness":[124],"(toward":[125,139],"\u223c0.7":[126],"5%,":[129],"respectively)":[130],"increasing":[133],"departure":[134],"from":[135],"region":[138],"\u223c1.2":[140],"30%,":[143],"respectively).":[144],"Furthermore,":[145],"throat":[147],"sizes":[148],"estimated":[150],"fall":[152],"mainly":[153],"below":[154],"\u223c200":[155],"for":[157,163,183],"narrower":[158],"connections":[159],"400\u2013500":[161],"wider":[164],"ones.":[165],"Notably,":[166],"connectivity\u2500and":[168],"thus":[169],"efficiency\u2500is":[171],"greater":[172],"out-of-plane":[175],"direction":[176],"in-plane.":[178],"These":[179],"findings":[180],"critical":[182],"understanding":[184],"behavior":[186],"performance":[188],"real":[190],"environments.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-07-02T00:00:00"}