{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166809199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672","title":"XMark: Reliable Multi-Bit Watermarking for LLM-Generated Texts","display_name":"XMark: Reliable Multi-Bit Watermarking for LLM-Generated Texts","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166809199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.672.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393915740","display_name":"Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting","issn_l":"0736-587X","issn":["0736-587X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.672.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139779326","display_name":"Jiahao Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","display_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","ror":"https://ror.org/01keh0577","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory","University of Nevada , Reno"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nevada , Reno","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101675124","display_name":"Rui Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7891-1950","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7891-1950","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5731-6869"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","display_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","ror":"https://ror.org/01keh0577","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nevada , Reno"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nevada , Reno","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021188335","display_name":"Olivera Kotevska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1677-2243","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1677-2243"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivera Kotevska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132934943","display_name":"Zikai Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","display_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","ror":"https://ror.org/01keh0577","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zikai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nevada , Reno"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nevada , Reno","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47194346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"14747","last_page":"14763"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-bit-watermarking","display_name":"multi-bit watermarking","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-generated-text","display_name":"LLM-generated text","score":0.8510000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6355000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6093000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5213000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2303999960422516}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.672.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393915740","display_name":"Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting","issn_l":"0736-587X","issn":["0736-587X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.672","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.672.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393915740","display_name":"Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting","issn_l":"0736-587X","issn":["0736-587X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1026679911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1112584687","display_name":"Research Infrastructure: MRI: Acquisition of a High-Performance GPU Cluster for Large-Scale AI","funder_award_id":"2511989","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G121915436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC05- 00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1645119126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G166562317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05- 00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G203625172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE--AC05--00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2411683797","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC05- 00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2757267231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2988778103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05?","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3945850812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4370606643","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337506","funder_display_name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4423657506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5726405315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8269158468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906985441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8943143067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","display_name":"Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5tnr73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","display_name":"UT-Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/04nza6677"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337506","display_name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0012c7r22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166809199.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166809199.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416260045","https://openalex.org/W7207704358","https://openalex.org/W6967133490","https://openalex.org/W4407368894","https://openalex.org/W7223395934","https://openalex.org/W7128490488","https://openalex.org/W4416243475","https://openalex.org/W7168403125","https://openalex.org/W4385473678","https://openalex.org/W4412408408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-bit":[0],"watermarking":[1],"has":[2],"emerged":[3],"as":[4],"a":[5,48,76,90,108],"promising":[6],"solution":[7],"for":[8,41,93,113],"embedding":[9],"imperceptible":[10],"binary":[11,97],"messages":[12,98],"into":[13],"Large":[14],"Language":[15],"Model":[16],"(LLM)-generated":[17],"text,":[18,153],"enabling":[19],"reliable":[20],"attribution":[21],"and":[22,54,95,120],"tracing":[23],"of":[24,27,60,68,104,151],"malicious":[25],"usage":[26],"LLMs.Despite":[28],"recent":[29],"progress,":[30],"existing":[31,61],"methods":[32,62],"still":[33],"face":[34],"key":[35],"limitations:":[36],"some":[37],"become":[38],"computationally":[39],"infeasible":[40],"large":[42],"messages,":[43],"while":[44,147],"others":[45],"suffer":[46],"from":[47],"poor":[49],"trade-off":[50],"between":[51],"text":[52,73,118],"quality":[53,150],"decoding":[55,58,96,145],"accuracy.Moreover,":[56],"the":[57,66,71,129,149],"accuracy":[59,146],"drops":[63],"significantly":[64,143],"when":[65],"number":[67],"tokens":[69],"in":[70,81,99],"generated":[72],"is":[74],"limited,":[75],"condition":[77],"that":[78,141],"frequently":[79],"arises":[80],"practical":[82],"usage.To":[83],"address":[84],"these":[85],"challenges,":[86],"we":[87],"propose":[88],"XMARK,":[89],"novel":[91],"method":[92],"encoding":[94],"LLM-generated":[100],"texts.The":[101],"unique":[102],"design":[103],"XMARK's":[105],"encoder":[106],"produces":[107],"less":[109],"distorted":[110],"logit":[111],"distribution":[112],"watermarked":[114,152],"token":[115],"generation,":[116],"preserving":[117,148],"quality,":[119],"also":[121],"enables":[122],"its":[123],"tailored":[124],"decoder":[125],"to":[126],"reliably":[127],"recover":[128],"encoded":[130],"message":[131],"with":[132],"limited":[133],"tokens.Extensive":[134],"experiments":[135],"across":[136],"diverse":[137],"downstream":[138],"tasks":[139],"show":[140],"XMARK":[142],"improves":[144],"outperforming":[154],"prior":[155],"methods.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-07-02T00:00:00"}