{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166808976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","title":"In Vitro Detection of Breast Cancer Cell Types Using Machine Learning-Assisted Spectral Fingerprinting of SWCNTs","display_name":"In Vitro Detection of Breast Cancer Cell Types Using Machine Learning-Assisted Spectral Fingerprinting of SWCNTs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166808976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109748666","display_name":"Maryam Rahmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6853-4367","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6853-4367"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Rahmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Materials Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6853-4367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Materials Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139780752","display_name":"Katherine Van Gorden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine Van Gorden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Materials Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Materials Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051251433","display_name":"Shelly R. Peyton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-8727","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-8727"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shelly R. Peyton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-8727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006540573","display_name":"Daniel Roxbury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-3523","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-3523"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Roxbury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Materials Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-3523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Materials Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006540573"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10782","display_name":"Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12627","display_name":"Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer","display_name":"breast cancer","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-walled-carbon-nanotubes","display_name":"single-walled carbon nanotubes","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-infrared-fluorescence","display_name":"near-infrared fluorescence","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-fingerprinting","display_name":"spectral fingerprinting","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminal-a-subtype","display_name":"luminal A","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/her2-positive","display_name":"HER2-positive","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triple-negative-breast-cancer","display_name":"triple-negative breast cancer","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mda-mb-468-cells","display_name":"MDA-MB-468","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mcf-10a-cells","display_name":"MCF10A cells","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mcf-7-cells","display_name":"MCF-7 cells","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hcc1954","display_name":"HCC1954","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mda-mb-231-cells","display_name":"MDA-MB-231 cells","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanomaterial-uptake","display_name":"nanomaterial uptake","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redox-modulation","display_name":"redox modulation","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"ensemble learning","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/micro-raman-spectroscopy","display_name":"micro-Raman spectroscopy","score":0.7720000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91881484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807","display_name":"Fluorescence","level":2,"score":0.5961999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189014844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189118","display_name":"Cell type","level":3,"score":0.5112000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96232424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118072","display_name":"Cancer cell","level":3,"score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4986000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169274487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840211","display_name":"Fluorescence microscope","level":3,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176641082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446767","display_name":"Spectral signature","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40003534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994423619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9103","display_name":"Human breast","level":4,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81885089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189082","display_name":"Cell culture","level":2,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513720949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778729","display_name":"Carbon nanotube","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953","display_name":"Microscopy","level":2,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3232514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575196","display_name":"Spectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985906921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Spectral properties","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983668108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280453","display_name":"Spectral analysis","level":3,"score":0.2720000147819519}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.30.735651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6317182183265686,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520812622","https://openalex.org/W1980527762","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2010265091","https://openalex.org/W2020355391","https://openalex.org/W2025869556","https://openalex.org/W2028321233","https://openalex.org/W2040532000","https://openalex.org/W2051511277","https://openalex.org/W2079116168","https://openalex.org/W2092301242","https://openalex.org/W2098684174","https://openalex.org/W2115614479","https://openalex.org/W2143789950","https://openalex.org/W2151917896","https://openalex.org/W2170602872","https://openalex.org/W2404405577","https://openalex.org/W2416801173","https://openalex.org/W2606702037","https://openalex.org/W2789230893","https://openalex.org/W2889004478","https://openalex.org/W2890802089","https://openalex.org/W2909387555","https://openalex.org/W2912944512","https://openalex.org/W2952318715","https://openalex.org/W2969438115","https://openalex.org/W3120028688","https://openalex.org/W3124823296","https://openalex.org/W3161082109","https://openalex.org/W3175985794","https://openalex.org/W3176310301","https://openalex.org/W3188968006","https://openalex.org/W4200025862","https://openalex.org/W4205901195","https://openalex.org/W4220854855","https://openalex.org/W4223430324","https://openalex.org/W4224211014","https://openalex.org/W4286267894","https://openalex.org/W4294132958","https://openalex.org/W4308766741","https://openalex.org/W4366978056","https://openalex.org/W4383313153","https://openalex.org/W4385355797","https://openalex.org/W4396581755","https://openalex.org/W4396976424","https://openalex.org/W4396988830","https://openalex.org/W4398224800","https://openalex.org/W4399097159","https://openalex.org/W4399907569","https://openalex.org/W4400800883","https://openalex.org/W4401285291","https://openalex.org/W4401647145","https://openalex.org/W4402121412","https://openalex.org/W4403641538","https://openalex.org/W4405319190","https://openalex.org/W4407479460","https://openalex.org/W4407870211","https://openalex.org/W4408877400","https://openalex.org/W4409521171","https://openalex.org/W4410036207","https://openalex.org/W4410381125","https://openalex.org/W4412066573","https://openalex.org/W4417142918","https://openalex.org/W4417476821","https://openalex.org/W7117139192","https://openalex.org/W7118559470","https://openalex.org/W7125690345","https://openalex.org/W7153877047","https://openalex.org/W7160285813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154667397","https://openalex.org/W4392623673","https://openalex.org/W4401647145","https://openalex.org/W2169774809","https://openalex.org/W4386854964","https://openalex.org/W4221014558","https://openalex.org/W2791108790","https://openalex.org/W4416288814","https://openalex.org/W4323307120","https://openalex.org/W4205438690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,116,177,190],"early":[2],"detection":[3,25,199],"of":[4,46,80,120,165,264],"breast":[5,47,81,197,205],"cancer":[6,48,82,98,198,206],"currently":[7],"relies":[8],"on":[9],"expensive":[10],"mammography,":[11],"followed":[12],"by":[13],"pathology":[14],"that":[15,161,214,240],"uses":[16],"biopsied,":[17],"fixed,":[18],"and":[19,35,41,50,97,112,138,148,200],"immunohistochemically":[20],"stained":[21],"tissues.":[22],"A":[23],"live-cell":[24],"approach":[26,70],"could":[27],"be":[28],"highly":[29],"beneficial":[30],"as":[31],"a":[32,61,173,254],"supportive":[33],"diagnostic":[34],"research":[36],"tool":[37],"to":[38,53,75,91,143,183],"better":[39],"understand":[40],"resolve":[42],"the":[43,78,166,218],"dynamic":[44],"nature":[45],"cells":[49,83,125,216,224],"their":[51,231],"response":[52],"treatment":[54],"in":[55,84,132,145],"real":[56],"time.":[57],"Here,":[58],"we":[59],"present":[60],"single-walled":[62],"carbon":[63],"nanotube":[64,168],"(SWCNT)":[65],"near-infrared":[66],"fluorescence":[67,118,235,243],"spectral":[68,152,179],"fingerprinting":[69],"combined":[71],"with":[72,230],"machine":[73,187],"learning":[74,188],"precisely":[76],"detect":[77],"heterogeneity":[79],"live":[85],"culture.":[86],"We":[87],"introduced":[88],"DNA-functionalized":[89],"SWCNTs":[90],"MCF-10A":[92,223],"(a":[93],"non-tumorigenic":[94],"healthy":[95],"control)":[96],"cell":[99,207,247],"lines":[100],"spanning":[101],"known":[102],"extrinsic":[103],"disease":[104],"subtypes:":[105],"MCF-7":[106],"(luminal":[107],"A),":[108],"HCC1954":[109],"(HER2+),":[110],"MDA-MB-231,":[111],"MDA-MB-468":[113,215],"(both":[114],"triple-negative).":[115],"NIR":[117,234,242],"spectra":[119],"DNA-SWCNTs":[121],"across":[122],"600":[123],"individual":[124],"within":[126],"each":[127],"type":[128],"showed":[129,213,225],"significant":[130],"differences":[131],"emission":[133],"peak":[134,139],"intensities,":[135],"center":[136],"wavelengths,":[137],"intensity":[140],"ratios,":[141],"attributable":[142],"variations":[144],"cellular":[146,266],"uptake":[147],"biomolecular":[149],"interactions.":[150],"These":[151,237],"changes":[153],"likely":[154],"arise":[155],"from":[156,172],"complex":[157],"SWCNT\u2013cellular":[158],"interaction":[159],"\u201cfingerprint\u201d":[160],"includes":[162],"redox-mediated":[163],"modulation":[164],"local":[167],"environment,":[169],"rather":[170],"than":[171],"single":[174],"biomarker":[175],"response.":[176],"extracted":[178],"features":[180],"were":[181],"used":[182],"train":[184],"an":[185],"ensemble":[186],"model.":[189],"model":[191],"achieved":[192],"98%":[193],"classification":[194,202],"accuracy":[195,203],"for":[196,204,256],"95%":[201],"subtyping.":[208],"Moreover,":[209],"Raman":[210],"microscopy":[211],"further":[212],"exhibited":[217],"highest":[219],"SWCNT":[220,227,241],"uptake,":[221],"whereas":[222],"greater":[226],"aggregation,":[228],"consistent":[229],"lower":[232],"broadband":[233],"intensity.":[236],"results":[238],"demonstrate":[239],"fingerprints":[244],"can":[245],"capture":[246],"line-specific":[248],"optical":[249],"signatures.":[250],"This":[251],"platform":[252],"provides":[253],"foundation":[255],"nanomaterial-enabled":[257],"biosensing":[258],"strategies":[259],"aimed":[260],"at":[261],"real-time":[262],"monitoring":[263],"cancer-associated":[265],"states.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-07-02T00:00:00"}
