{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166808616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789","title":"GAVEL: Evidence-Contract Debate with Mechanized Scrutiny for Provenance-Grounded Fact-Checking","display_name":"GAVEL: Evidence-Contract Debate with Mechanized Scrutiny for Provenance-Grounded Fact-Checking","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166808616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1789.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605144","display_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1789.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049433396","display_name":"Ruoyu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-5171","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-5171"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruoyu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department , Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department , Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101572278","display_name":"Gaoxiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0494-7432","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0494-7432","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5365-7751"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaoxiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department , Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department , Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051706630","display_name":"Victor S. Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4960-174X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4960-174X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor S. Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department , Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department , Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.6553,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99099437,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"35907","last_page":"35920"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.030700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-debate","display_name":"multi-agent debate","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provenance","display_name":"provenance","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-hop-reasoning","display_name":"multi-hop reasoning","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hovering","display_name":"hover","score":0.9440000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439360","display_name":"Scrutiny","level":2,"score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.44850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780532074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200314","display_name":"Derogation","level":2,"score":0.23690000176429749}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1789.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605144","display_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1789","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1789.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605144","display_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166808616.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166808616.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214483103","https://openalex.org/W7211997732","https://openalex.org/W7142225672","https://openalex.org/W4417263557","https://openalex.org/W7211993816","https://openalex.org/W7212514115","https://openalex.org/W4378501773","https://openalex.org/W7147455172","https://openalex.org/W7170072905","https://openalex.org/W4411113018"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Evidence-grounded":[0],"fact-checking":[1],"requires":[2,64],"predicting":[3],"claim":[4],"veracity":[5],"while":[6],"returning":[7],"faithful":[8],"evidence":[9,43,55,75,105,134,142],"at":[10],"fine":[11],"granularity,":[12],"including":[13],"exact":[14],"sentences,":[15],"table":[16],"cells,":[17],"and":[18,28,44,70,77,90,97,107,114,131,144],"complete":[19,133],"multidocument":[20],"chains.Although":[21],"large":[22],"language":[23],"models":[24],"enable":[25],"decomposition,":[26],"planning,":[27],"multi-agent":[29,50],"verification,":[30],"they":[31],"can":[32],"still":[33],"produce":[34],"convincing":[35],"rationales":[36],"with":[37],"weak":[38],"provenance,":[39],"especially":[40],"under":[41],"heterogeneous":[42],"multi-hop":[45],"requirements.We":[46],"propose":[47],"GAVEL,":[48],"a":[49,78,85,103],"debate":[51],"framework":[52],"that":[53,63,121,126,140],"enforces":[54],"grounding":[56],"throughout":[57],"inference.GAVEL":[58],"introduces":[59],"an":[60,117],"Evidence":[61],"Contract":[62],"debaters":[65],"to":[66,73,150],"state":[67],"atomic":[68],"subclaims":[69],"bind":[71],"each":[72],"explicit":[74],"units,":[76],"Mechanized":[79],"Chain":[80],"of":[81,94],"Scrutiny":[82],"in":[83,116],"which":[84],"neutral":[86],"Scrutinizer":[87],"audits":[88],"outputs":[89],"performs":[91],"deterministic":[92],"validation":[93,147],"cited":[95],"identifiers":[96],"quoted":[98],"spans.A":[99],"Judge":[100],"then":[101],"selects":[102],"sufficient":[104],"set":[106],"produces":[108],"the":[109,151],"final":[110],"decision.Experiments":[111],"on":[112],"FEVEROUS":[113],"HOVER":[115],"open-book":[118],"setting":[119],"show":[120],"GAVEL":[122],"improves":[123],"provenance-aware":[124],"metrics":[125],"jointly":[127],"require":[128],"correct":[129],"labels":[130],"correct,":[132],"over":[135],"strong":[136],"recent":[137],"baselines.Ablations":[138],"confirm":[139],"both":[141],"binding":[143],"mechanized":[145],"citation":[146],"are":[148],"key":[149],"gains.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-07-02T00:00:00"}
